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show}forall showpage}if end}def end}bd end %%EndResource /SVDoc save def %%EndProlog %%BeginSetup Win35Dict begin %%EndSetup /oldDictCnt countdictstack def {}stopped { countdictstack oldDictCnt lt { Win35Dict begin } {1 1 countdictstack oldDictCnt sub {pop end } for } ifelse } if SS 0 0 20 83 809 1100 300 SM 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 0 0 0 fC 1920 42 270 (Wolberg 1) 270 SB 32 0 0 60 56 0 0 0 50 /Courier-Bold /font9 ANSIFont font 549 142 35 (C) 36 SB 585 142 35 (o) 36 SB 621 142 35 (m) 36 SB 657 142 35 (p) 36 SB 693 142 35 (u) 36 SB 729 142 35 (t) 36 SB 765 142 35 (e) 36 SB 801 142 35 (r) 36 SB 837 142 35 (-) 36 SB 873 142 35 (D) 36 SB 909 142 35 (e) 36 SB 945 142 35 (r) 36 SB 981 142 35 (i) 36 SB 1017 142 35 (v) 36 SB 1053 142 35 (e) 36 SB 1089 142 35 (d) 36 SB 1125 142 35 ( ) 36 SB 1161 142 35 (N) 36 SB 1197 142 35 (u) 36 SB 1233 142 35 (c) 36 SB 1269 142 35 (l) 36 SB 1305 142 35 (e) 36 SB 1341 142 35 (a) 36 SB 1377 142 35 (r) 36 SB 1413 142 35 ( ) 36 SB 1449 142 35 (") 36 SB 1485 142 35 (G) 36 SB 1521 142 35 (r) 36 SB 1557 142 35 (a) 36 SB 1593 142 35 (d) 36 SB 1629 142 35 (e) 36 SB 1665 142 35 (") 36 SB 1701 142 35 ( ) 36 SB 1737 142 35 (a) 36 SB 1773 142 35 (n) 36 SB 1809 142 35 (d) 36 SB 1845 142 35 ( ) 36 SB 32 0 0 60 56 0 0 0 50 /Courier-Bold /font9 ANSIFont font 801 262 35 (B) 36 SB 837 262 35 (r) 36 SB 873 262 35 (e) 36 SB 909 262 35 (a) 36 SB 945 262 35 (s) 36 SB 981 262 35 (t) 36 SB 1017 262 35 ( ) 36 SB 1053 262 35 (C) 36 SB 1089 262 35 (a) 36 SB 1125 262 35 (n) 36 SB 1161 262 35 (c) 36 SB 1197 262 35 (e) 36 SB 1233 262 35 (r) 36 SB 1269 262 35 ( ) 36 SB 1305 262 35 (P) 36 SB 1341 262 35 (r) 36 SB 1377 262 35 (o) 36 SB 1413 262 35 (g) 36 SB 1449 262 35 (n) 36 SB 1485 262 35 (o) 36 SB 1521 262 35 (s) 36 SB 1557 262 35 (i) 36 SB 1593 262 35 (s) 36 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 240 482 1740 (William H. Wolberg, M.D., W. Nick Street, Ph.D., Dennis M.) 1740 SB 240 582 1230 (Heisey, Ph.D., Olvi L. Mangasarian, Ph.D.) 1230 SB 240 782 1830 (Departments of Surgery, Human Oncology, and Computer Sciences) 1830 SB 390 882 1110 (University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI ) 1110 SB 240 1082 1650 (Dr. Wolberg is Professor of Surgery and Human Oncology,) 1650 SB 240 1182 1080 (University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI) 1080 SB 240 1282 1920 (Dr. Street is Assistant Researcher in the Departments of Surgery) 1920 SB 240 1382 1770 (and Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI) 1770 SB 240 1482 1890 (Dr. Heisey is Assistant Scientist in the Department of Surgery,) 1890 SB 240 1582 1080 (University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI) 1080 SB 240 1682 1920 (Dr. Mangasarian is John von Neumann Professor of Mathematics and) 1920 SB 240 1782 1680 (Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI ) 1680 SB 240 1982 840 (Address reprint requests to:) 840 SB 390 2082 720 (William H. Wolberg, M.D.) 720 SB 390 2182 1650 (Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Clinical) 1650 SB 390 2282 1650 (Sciences Center, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792) 1650 SB 390 2382 480 (FAX 608 263 7652) 480 SB 240 2482 1650 (This study was supported in part by Air Force Office of) 1650 SB 240 2582 1830 (Scientific Research grant AFOSR F49620-94-1-0036 and National) 1830 SB 240 2682 1110 (Science Foundation grant CCR-9101801.) 1110 SB EJ RS %%PageTrailer SS 0 0 20 83 809 1100 300 SM 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 0 0 0 fC 1920 42 270 (Wolberg 2) 270 SB 240 142 1230 (Running title: Computer-derived prognosis) 1230 SB 240 442 1890 (Keywords: Breast cancer, image processing, cytology, prognosis,) 1890 SB 240 542 480 (machine learning) 480 SB EJ RS %%PageTrailer SS 0 0 20 83 809 1100 300 SM 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 0 0 0 fC 1920 42 270 (Wolberg 3) 270 SB 32 0 0 50 47 0 0 0 42 /Courier-Bold /font9 ANSIFont font 240 243 29 (A) 30 SB 270 243 29 (b) 30 SB 300 243 29 (s) 30 SB 330 243 29 (t) 30 SB 360 243 29 (r) 30 SB 390 243 29 (a) 30 SB 420 243 29 (c) 30 SB 450 243 29 (t) 30 SB 480 243 29 (:) 30 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 240 342 30 ( ) 30 SB 390 342 1650 (Visual assessments of nuclear grade are subjective, yet) 1650 SB 240 442 960 (still prognostically important. ) 990 SB 1230 442 900 (Now, computer-based analytical) 900 SB 240 542 1860 (techniques can objectively and accurately measure size, shape,) 1860 SB 240 642 1560 (and texture features that constitute nuclear grade. ) 1590 SB 390 742 1710 (The cell samples used in this study were obtained by fine) 1710 SB 240 842 1890 (needle aspiration \(FNA\) during the diagnosis of 187 consecutive) 1890 SB 240 942 1140 (patients with invasive breast cancer. ) 1170 SB 1410 942 420 (Regions of FNA) 420 SB 240 1042 1830 (preparations to be analyzed were digitized and displayed on a) 1830 SB 240 1142 510 (computer monitor.) 510 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 750 1142 30 ( ) 60 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 810 1142 810 (Nuclei to be analyzed were ) 840 SB 1650 1142 480 (roughly outlined) 480 SB 240 1242 900 (by an operator using a mouse. ) 930 SB 1170 1242 900 (Next, the computer generated a) 900 SB 240 1342 1710 ("snake" that precisely enclosed each designated nucleus. ) 1740 SB 1980 1342 90 (Ten) 90 SB 240 1442 1890 (nuclear features were then calculated for each nucleus based on) 1890 SB 240 1542 420 (these snakes. ) 450 SB 690 1542 1440 (These results were analyzed statistically and by) 1440 SB 240 1642 1830 (an inductive machine learning technique that we developed and) 1830 SB 240 1742 1320 (call Recurrence Surface Approximation \(RSA\).) 1320 SB 390 1842 1740 (Both the statistical and the RSA machine learning analyses) 1740 SB 240 1942 1620 (demonstrate that computer-derived nuclear features are) 1620 SB 240 2042 1890 (prognostically more important than are the classical prognostic) 1890 SB 240 2142 1320 (features, tumor size and lymph node status. ) 1350 SB EJ RS %%PageTrailer SS 0 0 20 83 809 1100 300 SM 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 0 0 0 fC 1920 42 270 (Wolberg 4) 270 SB 390 242 1740 (The prognostic value of nuclear grade of breast cancer has) 1740 SB 240 342 1230 (been well established since Black et al. ) 1230 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1470 342 17 (\() 18 SB 1488 342 17 (8) 18 SB 1506 342 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1524 342 600 ( first described the) 600 SB 240 442 1830 (relationship between prognosis and nuclear features in 1955. ) 1860 SB 2100 442 60 (He) 60 SB 240 542 1740 (described a grading system based on nuclear dissimilarity,) 1740 SB 240 642 1740 (coarseness of nuclear chromatin, presence of nucleoli, and) 1740 SB 240 742 630 (presence of mitoses. ) 660 SB 900 742 570 (His grading system ) 570 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1470 742 17 (\() 18 SB 1488 742 17 (9) 18 SB 1506 742 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1524 742 660 ( was modified by Bloom) 660 SB 240 842 450 (and Richardson ) 450 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 690 842 17 (\() 18 SB 708 842 17 (1) 18 SB 726 842 17 (0) 18 SB 744 842 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 762 842 1260 ( and subsequently many other investigators) 1260 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 240 942 17 (\() 18 SB 258 942 17 (1) 18 SB 276 942 17 (0) 18 SB 294 942 17 (,) 18 SB 312 942 17 (1) 18 SB 330 942 17 (2) 18 SB 348 942 17 (,) 18 SB 366 942 17 (1) 18 SB 384 942 17 (5) 18 SB 402 942 17 (,) 18 SB 420 942 17 (2) 18 SB 438 942 17 (2) 18 SB 456 942 17 (,) 18 SB 474 942 17 (2) 18 SB 492 942 17 (5) 18 SB 510 942 17 (,) 18 SB 528 942 17 (2) 18 SB 546 942 17 (8) 18 SB 564 942 17 (,) 18 SB 582 942 17 (3) 18 SB 600 942 17 (3) 18 SB 618 942 17 (,) 18 SB 636 942 17 (3) 18 SB 654 942 17 (5) 18 SB 672 942 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 690 942 30 ( ) 60 SB 750 942 1440 (confirmed the relationship between nuclear grade) 1440 SB 240 1042 450 (and prognosis. ) 480 SB 720 1042 1470 (However, visual grading systems are vulnerable to) 1470 SB 240 1142 1050 (intra- and interobserver variation ) 1050 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1290 1142 17 (\() 18 SB 1308 1142 17 (3) 18 SB 1326 1142 17 (0) 18 SB 1344 1142 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1362 1142 60 (. ) 90 SB 1452 1142 630 (Despite this problem,) 630 SB 240 1242 1920 (recent studies continue to demonstrate the prognostic importance) 1920 SB 240 1342 1050 (of visually assessed nuclear grade ) 1050 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1290 1342 17 (\() 18 SB 1308 1342 17 (1) 18 SB 1326 1342 17 (4) 18 SB 1344 1342 17 (,) 18 SB 1362 1342 17 ( ) 18 SB 1380 1342 17 (2) 18 SB 1398 1342 17 (9) 18 SB 1416 1342 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1434 1342 60 (. ) 90 SB 1524 1342 420 (The individual) 420 SB 240 1442 1920 (components of nuclear grade are also prognostically significant ) 1920 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 240 1542 17 (\() 18 SB 258 1542 17 (2) 18 SB 276 1542 17 (9) 18 SB 294 1542 17 (,) 18 SB 312 1542 17 ( ) 18 SB 330 1542 17 (4) 18 SB 348 1542 17 (0) 18 SB 366 1542 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 384 1542 60 (. ) 90 SB 474 1542 1650 (Recently, we developed and now use computer-based image) 1650 SB 240 1642 1890 (analytic techniques for accurately and objectively quantitating) 1890 SB 240 1742 660 (such nuclear features ) 660 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 900 1742 17 (\() 18 SB 918 1742 17 (3) 18 SB 936 1742 17 (2) 18 SB 954 1742 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 972 1742 60 (. ) 90 SB 390 1842 1650 (Computer methodology allows measurements of the nuclear) 1650 SB 240 1942 1890 (size, shape, and texture features that were previously visually) 1890 SB 240 2042 630 (assessed as "grade". ) 660 SB 900 2042 1140 (Although size, texture, and some shape) 1140 SB 240 2142 1650 (features have been objectively measured for many years ) 1650 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1890 2142 17 (\() 18 SB 1908 2142 17 (7) 18 SB 1926 2142 17 (,) 18 SB 1944 2142 17 (1) 18 SB 1962 2142 17 (1) 18 SB 1980 2142 17 (,) 18 SB 1998 2142 17 (1) 18 SB 2016 2142 17 (9) 18 SB 2034 2142 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 2052 2142 30 ( ) 30 SB 240 2242 1680 (newer computer image analysis techniques permit accurate) 1680 SB 240 2342 1230 (measurement of additional shape features ) 1230 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1470 2342 17 (\() 18 SB 1488 2342 17 (2) 18 SB 1506 2342 17 (6) 18 SB 1524 2342 17 (,) 18 SB 1542 2342 17 (4) 18 SB 1560 2342 17 (1) 18 SB 1578 2342 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1596 2342 60 (. ) 90 SB 1686 2342 420 (The purpose of) 420 SB 240 2442 1920 (this paper is to evaluate the prognostic importance of a variety) 1920 SB 240 2542 1890 (of computer-derived nuclear features analyzed statistically and) 1890 SB 240 2642 930 (by inductive machine learning. ) 960 SB EJ RS %%PageTrailer SS 0 0 20 83 809 1100 300 SM 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 0 0 0 fC 1920 42 270 (Wolberg 5) 270 SB 32 0 0 50 47 0 0 0 42 /Courier-Bold /font9 ANSIFont font 240 143 29 (M) 30 SB 270 143 29 (a) 30 SB 300 143 29 (t) 30 SB 330 143 29 (e) 30 SB 360 143 29 (r) 30 SB 390 143 29 (i) 30 SB 420 143 29 (a) 30 SB 450 143 29 (l) 30 SB 480 143 29 (s) 30 SB 510 143 29 ( ) 30 SB 540 143 29 (a) 30 SB 570 143 29 (n) 30 SB 600 143 29 (d) 30 SB 630 143 29 ( ) 30 SB 660 143 29 (M) 30 SB 690 143 29 (e) 30 SB 720 143 29 (t) 30 SB 750 143 29 (h) 30 SB 780 143 29 (o) 30 SB 810 143 29 (d) 30 SB 840 143 29 (s) 30 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 240 242 660 ( Patients and Aspirate) 660 SB 240 342 30 ( ) 30 SB 390 342 1710 (The cell samples used in this study were obtained by fine) 1710 SB 240 442 1950 (needle aspiration \(FNA\) in order to diagnose a consecutive series) 1950 SB 240 542 1350 (of 187 patients with invasive breast cancer. ) 1380 SB 1620 542 210 (The age) 210 SB 240 642 1890 (distribution of the patients is given in Figure 1 and the tumor) 1890 SB 240 742 1860 (size and number of cancerous axillary lymph nodes are given in) 1860 SB 240 842 270 (Table 1. ) 300 SB 540 842 1560 (Nuclear features of these samples were determined by) 1560 SB 240 942 1230 (our digital image analysis program, Xcyt ) 1230 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1470 942 17 (\() 18 SB 1488 942 17 (3) 18 SB 1506 942 17 (2) 18 SB 1524 942 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1542 942 60 (. ) 120 SB 390 1042 1560 (To prepare an FNA, a small drop of viscous fluid was) 1560 SB 240 1142 1950 (aspirated from breast masses by making multiple passes with a 23-) 1950 SB 240 1242 1800 (gauge needle while negative pressure was being applied to an) 1800 SB 240 1342 540 (attached syringe. ) 570 SB 810 1342 1290 (The aspirated material was expressed onto a) 1290 SB 240 1442 1860 (silane-prepared glass slide and the aspirate was spread when a) 1860 SB 240 1542 1740 (similar slide was applied face-to-face and the slides were) 1740 SB 240 1642 1080 (separated with a horizontal motion. ) 1110 SB 1350 1642 510 (Preparations were) 510 SB 240 1742 1860 (immediately fixed in 95% ethanol, stained with hematoxylin and) 1860 SB 240 1842 630 (eosin, and processed.) 630 SB 390 1942 1740 (In our analysis, aspirates were classified as cancer based) 1740 SB 240 2042 1410 (on histologic confirmation by surgical biopsy. ) 1440 SB 240 2242 510 (Image Preparation) 510 SB 240 2342 1890 (The imaged area on the aspirate slides is visually selected for) 1890 SB 240 2442 750 (minimal nuclear overlap. ) 780 SB 1020 2442 1140 (The image used for digital analysis is) 1140 SB 240 2542 1920 (generated by a JVC TK-1070U color video camera mounted on top of) 1920 SB 240 2642 1920 (an Olympus microscope and the image is projected into the camera) 1920 SB EJ RS %%PageTrailer SS 0 0 20 83 809 1100 300 SM 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 0 0 0 fC 1920 42 270 (Wolberg 6) 270 SB 240 142 1260 (with a 63 X objective and a 2.5 X ocular. ) 1290 SB 1530 142 630 (The image is captured) 630 SB 240 242 1860 (by a ComputerEyes/RT color framegrabber board \(Digital Vision,) 1860 SB 240 342 1830 (Inc., Dedham MA\) as a 640 x 400, 8-bit-per-pixel Targa file. ) 1860 SB 2100 342 60 (An) 60 SB 240 442 1920 (8-bit-per-pixel grey scale image is used for the image analysis,) 1920 SB 240 542 1860 (since we are interested only in the darkness of the nuclei and) 1860 SB 240 642 1470 (their internal contrast rather than their color. ) 1500 SB 240 842 750 (The User Interface \(Xcyt\)) 750 SB 240 942 1920 (The first step in successfully analyzing the digital image is to) 1920 SB 240 1042 1470 (specify the exact location of each cell nucleus. ) 1500 SB 1740 1042 330 (A graphical) 330 SB 240 1142 1890 (computer program called Xcyt was developed that allows the user) 1890 SB 240 1242 1920 (to input the approximate location of enough nuclei \(10 to 20\) to) 1920 SB 240 1342 1920 (provide a representative sample. The program was developed using) 1920 SB 240 1442 1800 (the X Window System and the Athena WidgetSet on a DECstation) 1800 SB 240 1542 180 (3100. ) 210 SB 390 1642 1740 (A mouse is used to trace a rough outline of cell nuclei on) 1740 SB 240 1742 660 (the computer monitor. ) 690 SB 930 1742 1050 (From this rough outline, the actual) 1050 SB 240 1842 1800 (boundary of the cell nucleus is located by an active contour) 1800 SB 240 1942 720 (model known as a "snake") 720 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 960 1942 17 (\() 18 SB 978 1942 17 (1) 18 SB 996 1942 17 (7) 18 SB 1014 1942 17 (,) 18 SB 1032 1942 17 (3) 18 SB 1050 1942 17 (8) 18 SB 1068 1942 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1086 1942 60 (. ) 90 SB 1176 1942 510 (The "snake" is a ) 540 SB 1716 1942 300 (deformable) 300 SB 240 2042 1950 (spline that seeks to minimize an energy function defined over the) 1950 SB 240 2142 660 (arclength of a curve. ) 690 SB 930 2142 1200 (The energy function is defined in such a) 1200 SB 240 2242 1770 (way that the snake, in the form of a closed curve, conforms) 1770 SB 240 2342 1260 (itself to the boundary of a cell nucleus. ) 1290 SB 1530 2342 480 (The mathematical) 480 SB 240 2442 1740 (aspects of the snake calculations are described elsewhere ) 1740 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1980 2442 17 (\() 18 SB 1998 2442 17 (3) 18 SB 2016 2442 17 (2) 18 SB 2034 2442 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 2052 2442 60 (. ) 90 SB 240 2642 510 (Nuclear Features ) 540 SB EJ RS %%PageTrailer SS 0 0 20 83 809 1100 300 SM 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 0 0 0 fC 1920 42 270 (Wolberg 7) 270 SB 390 142 1740 (Once the nuclei to be analyzed have been identified by the) 1740 SB 240 242 1950 (operator and have been enclosed by the computer-generated snakes,) 1950 SB 240 342 1950 (the computer calculates ten real-valued nuclear features for each) 1950 SB 240 442 240 (nucleus ) 240 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 480 442 17 (\() 18 SB 498 442 17 (3) 18 SB 516 442 17 (2) 18 SB 534 442 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 552 442 60 (. ) 90 SB 642 442 1410 (These features are constructed such that higher) 1410 SB 240 542 1470 (values are typically associated with malignancy. ) 1500 SB 1740 542 390 (Features were) 390 SB 240 642 1170 (verified using idealized phantom cells ) 1170 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1410 642 17 (\() 18 SB 1428 642 17 (4) 18 SB 1446 642 17 (1) 18 SB 1464 642 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1482 642 60 (. ) 90 SB 1572 642 450 (Nuclear size is) 450 SB 240 742 1290 (expressed by the Radius and Area features. ) 1320 SB 1560 742 480 (Nuclear shape is) 480 SB 240 842 1920 (expressed by Smoothness, Concavity, Compactness, Concave Points,) 1920 SB 240 942 1230 (Symmetry and Fractal Dimension features. ) 1260 SB 1500 942 690 (Both size and shape are) 690 SB 240 1042 1050 (expressed by the Perimeter feature ) 1050 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1290 1042 17 (\() 18 SB 1308 1042 17 (4) 18 SB 1326 1042 17 (1) 18 SB 1344 1042 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1362 1042 60 (. ) 90 SB 1452 1042 540 (Nuclear Texture is) 540 SB 240 1142 1950 (measured by finding the variance of the grey scale intensities in) 1950 SB 240 1242 660 (the component pixels. ) 720 SB 960 1242 1200 (The mean value, worst \(mean of the three) 1200 SB 240 1342 1920 (largest values\), and standard error of each feature are computed) 1920 SB 240 1442 1680 (for each image, resulting in a total of thirty features.) 1680 SB 240 1542 1950 (The pixel dimensions are one micron equals 3.11 pixels vertically) 1950 SB 240 1642 1950 (and 3.85 pixels horizontally, so in our size calculations we used) 1950 SB 240 1742 1170 (one square micron equals 12.25 pixels. ) 1200 SB 1440 1742 690 (Not all of the features) 690 SB 240 1842 1920 (are rotation-independent, but this should have a small effect on) 1920 SB 240 1942 1890 (the computations and any effects are balanced out by the random) 1890 SB 240 2042 1290 (orientation of nuclei in the training set. ) 1320 SB 1560 2042 510 (Additionally, all) 510 SB 240 2142 1800 (images are handled in the same manner, thereby canceling any) 1800 SB 240 2242 210 (biases.) 210 SB 240 2442 1380 (Statistical analysis, RSA and cross validation) 1380 SB 390 2542 1710 ( The mean time for distant recurrence in those patients) 1710 SB 240 2642 840 (who recurred was two years. ) 870 SB 1110 2642 1020 (A detailed statistical analysis of) 1020 SB EJ RS %%PageTrailer SS 0 0 20 83 809 1100 300 SM 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 0 0 0 fC 1920 42 270 (Wolberg 8) 270 SB 240 142 1920 (the relation between the computer-generated nuclear features and) 1920 SB 240 242 1830 (presence or absence of distant metastases within 24 months of) 1830 SB 240 342 1860 (diagnosis was done in a 146 patient subset of these patients. ) 1860 SB 240 442 1740 (This subset consisted of 118 patients who did not manifest) 1740 SB 240 542 1950 (distant recurrence within 24 months and 28 who recurred; excluded) 1950 SB 240 642 1890 (from analysis were the 41 of the original 187 patients who have) 1890 SB 240 742 1260 (not been followed a minimum of 24 months. ) 1260 SB 390 842 1650 (For our statistical analyses, the appearance of distant) 1650 SB 240 942 1290 (metastases by two years was the end point. ) 1320 SB 1560 942 600 (However, for machine) 600 SB 240 1042 1740 (learning, prognostic estimations do not fit into the usual) 1740 SB 240 1142 750 (classification paradigm. ) 780 SB 1020 1142 1080 (RSA is our proposed solution to this) 1080 SB 240 1242 570 (estimation problem ) 570 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 810 1242 17 (\() 18 SB 828 1242 17 (2) 18 SB 846 1242 17 (3) 18 SB 864 1242 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 882 1242 60 (. ) 90 SB 972 1242 1200 (RSA uses linear programming to determine) 1200 SB 240 1342 1740 (a linear combination of the input features that accurately) 1740 SB 240 1442 1050 (predicts time to recurrence \(TTR\). ) 1080 SB 1320 1442 810 (The assumptions for the RSA) 810 SB 240 1542 1800 (approach are that: a\)Recurrences actually took place at some) 1800 SB 240 1642 1710 (point in time previous to their detection \(observed TTR\),) 1710 SB 240 1742 1860 (although the time between recurrence and detection is probably) 1860 SB 240 1842 1800 (small, and b\)Observed disease-free survival time \(DFS\) is a ) 1800 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 2040 1842 150 (lower) 150 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 240 1942 150 (bound) 150 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 390 1942 1230 ( to the recurrence time of that patient. ) 1260 SB 1650 1942 510 (These assumptions) 510 SB 240 2042 1950 (lead to a linear program to be solved for a given training set is) 1950 SB 240 2142 330 (as follows.) 330 SB EJ RS %%PageTrailer SS 0 0 20 83 809 1100 300 SM 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 0 0 0 fC 1920 42 270 (Wolberg 9) 270 SB 1 lc 1 lj 0 0 0 pC 0 1 SP 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 805 431 M 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 -2 1 -1 1 -1 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 -1 0 -1 1 -1 0 0 0 3 20 PP 0 -2 0 -2 0 0 0 -14 -5 0 0 2 3 0 0 12 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 20 PP -1 0 -1 -2 0 -2 0 -2 0 0 0 -14 -4 0 0 2 3 0 0 15 0 0 -1 1 -1 1 -2 1 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 -2 20 PP 5 0 0 -2 -3 0 0 -18 3 0 0 -2 -8 0 0 2 3 0 0 15 0 0 -1 1 0 1 -2 1 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 18 PP 1 F S n 3 .5 842 420 B 1 F n 3 .5 842 421 B 1 F n 3 .5 842 422 B 1 F n 3 .5 842 423 B 1 F n 3 .5 842 424 B 1 F n 3 .5 842 425 B 1 F n 9 .5 836 431 B 1 F n 9 .5 836 432 B 1 F n 2 .5 843 433 B 1 F n 2 .5 843 434 B 1 F n 2 .5 843 435 B 1 F n 2 .5 843 436 B 1 F n 2 .5 843 437 B 1 F n 2 .5 843 438 B 1 F n 2 .5 843 439 B 1 F n 2 .5 843 440 B 1 F n 2 .5 843 441 B 1 F n 2 .5 843 442 B 1 F n 2 .5 843 443 B 1 F n 2 .5 843 444 B 1 F n 2 .5 843 445 B 1 F n 2 .5 843 446 B 1 F n 2 .5 843 447 B 1 F n 2 .5 843 448 B 1 F n 2 .5 843 449 B 1 F n 2 .5 843 450 B 1 F n 20 .5 834 451 B 1 F n 20 .5 834 452 B 1 F n gs 21 23 834 431 CB 845 431 M 9 0 0 -2 -7 0 0 -18 9 0 0 -2 -20 0 0 2 9 0 0 20 10 PP S n gr gs 4 7 842 420 CB 842 426 M -3 0 0 6 3 0 0 -6 4 PP S n gr 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 861 431 M 0 1 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 -2 1 -1 2 -1 0 0 0 4 6 0 20 PP -2 1 -1 1 -3 2 -2 0 -2 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 0 -2 -2 0 -2 0 -2 0 0 0 -12 4 0 0 -2 -10 0 0 2 4 0 0 12 0 0 20 PP 0 -2 -4 0 0 -18 4 0 0 -2 -10 0 0 2 4 0 0 14 0 0 10 PP 1 F S n 3 .5 902 420 B 1 F n 3 .5 902 421 B 1 F n 3 .5 902 422 B 1 F n 3 .5 902 423 B 1 F n 3 .5 902 424 B 1 F n 3 .5 902 425 B 1 F n 9 .5 896 431 B 1 F n 9 .5 896 432 B 1 F n 2 .5 903 433 B 1 F n 2 .5 903 434 B 1 F n 2 .5 903 435 B 1 F n 2 .5 903 436 B 1 F n 2 .5 903 437 B 1 F n 2 .5 903 438 B 1 F n 2 .5 903 439 B 1 F n 2 .5 903 440 B 1 F n 2 .5 903 441 B 1 F n 2 .5 903 442 B 1 F n 2 .5 903 443 B 1 F n 2 .5 903 444 B 1 F n 2 .5 903 445 B 1 F n 2 .5 903 446 B 1 F n 2 .5 903 447 B 1 F n 2 .5 903 448 B 1 F n 2 .5 903 449 B 1 F n 2 .5 903 450 B 1 F n 20 .5 894 451 B 1 F n 20 .5 894 452 B 1 F n gs 21 23 894 431 CB 905 431 M 9 0 0 -2 -7 0 0 -18 9 0 0 -2 -20 0 0 2 9 0 0 20 10 PP S n gr gs 4 7 902 420 CB 902 426 M -3 0 0 6 3 0 0 -6 4 PP S n gr 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 925 431 M 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 -2 1 -1 1 -1 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 -1 0 -1 1 -1 0 0 0 3 20 PP 0 -2 0 -2 0 0 0 -14 -5 0 0 2 3 0 0 12 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 20 PP -1 0 -1 -2 0 -2 0 -2 0 0 0 -14 -4 0 0 2 3 0 0 15 0 0 -1 1 -1 1 -2 1 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 -2 20 PP 5 0 0 -2 -3 0 0 -18 3 0 0 -2 -8 0 0 2 3 0 0 15 0 0 -1 1 0 1 -2 1 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 18 PP 1 F S n 3 .5 962 420 B 1 F n 3 .5 962 421 B 1 F n 3 .5 962 422 B 1 F n 3 .5 962 423 B 1 F n 3 .5 962 424 B 1 F n 3 .5 962 425 B 1 F n 9 .5 956 431 B 1 F n 9 .5 956 432 B 1 F n 2 .5 963 433 B 1 F n 2 .5 963 434 B 1 F n 2 .5 963 435 B 1 F n 2 .5 963 436 B 1 F n 2 .5 963 437 B 1 F n 2 .5 963 438 B 1 F n 2 .5 963 439 B 1 F n 2 .5 963 440 B 1 F n 2 .5 963 441 B 1 F n 2 .5 963 442 B 1 F n 2 .5 963 443 B 1 F n 2 .5 963 444 B 1 F n 2 .5 963 445 B 1 F n 2 .5 963 446 B 1 F n 2 .5 963 447 B 1 F n 2 .5 963 448 B 1 F n 2 .5 963 449 B 1 F n 2 .5 963 450 B 1 F n 20 .5 954 451 B 1 F n 20 .5 954 452 B 1 F n gs 21 23 954 431 CB 965 431 M 9 0 0 -2 -7 0 0 -18 9 0 0 -2 -20 0 0 2 9 0 0 20 10 PP S n gr gs 4 7 962 420 CB 962 426 M -3 0 0 6 3 0 0 -6 4 PP S n gr 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 985 431 M 0 -7 -2 0 0 5 -14 0 17 -18 0 -2 -20 0 0 6 2 0 0 -4 15 0 -17 18 0 2 19 0 14 PP 1 F S n 7 .5 1021 431 B 1 F n 13 .5 1018 432 B 1 F n 5 .5 1017 433 B 1 F n 5 .5 1027 433 B 1 F n 4 .5 1016 434 B 1 F n 4 .5 1029 434 B 1 F n 4 .5 1015 435 B 1 F n 4 .5 1030 435 B 1 F n 4 .5 1014 436 B 1 F n 4 .5 1031 436 B 1 F n 3 .5 1014 437 B 1 F n 3 .5 1032 437 B 1 F n 4 .5 1013 438 B 1 F n 3 .5 1033 438 B 1 F n 3 .5 1013 439 B 1 F n 2 .5 1034 439 B 1 F n 3 .5 1013 440 B 1 F n 2 .5 1034 440 B 1 F n 23 .5 1013 441 B 1 F n 2 .5 1013 442 B 1 F n 2 .5 1013 443 B 1 F n 2 .5 1013 444 B 1 F n 2 .5 1013 445 B 1 F n 2 .5 1013 446 B 1 F n 2 .5 1014 447 B 1 F n 2 .5 1014 448 B 1 F n 2 .5 1033 448 B 1 F n 2 .5 1015 449 B 1 F n 2 .5 1033 449 B 1 F n 3 .5 1016 450 B 1 F n 2 .5 1032 450 B 1 F n 3 .5 1017 451 B 1 F n 2 .5 1031 451 B 1 F n 14 .5 1018 452 B 1 F n 11 .5 1019 453 B 1 F n gs 24 24 1013 431 CB 1033 448 M 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -2 -2 -3 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 -1 -2 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -2 0 -3 2 -2 2 -1 2 0 0 2 0 20 PP 0 1 0 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -3 0 -2 20 PP 1 -2 1 -1 2 -1 2 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 2 1 4 3 1 3 0 3 0 0 -21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 PP S n gr gs 20 9 1015 433 CB 1015 441 M -19 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 3 0 0 0 2 0 2 -1 3 -3 1 -2 1 -2 13 PP S n gr 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 828 492 M 4 -12 -3 0 -5 12 4 0 4 PP 1 F S n 887 492 M 4 -12 -3 0 -5 12 4 0 4 PP 1 F S n 947 492 M 4 -12 -3 0 -5 12 4 0 4 PP 1 F S n 1007 492 M 4 -12 -3 0 -5 12 4 0 4 PP 1 F S n 1271 429 M -1 -1 -9 3 0 -24 9 0 0 -2 -19 0 0 2 9 0 0 26 1 0 10 -4 11 PP 1 F S n 1483 429 M -1 -1 -9 3 0 -24 9 0 0 -2 -19 0 0 2 9 0 0 26 1 0 10 -4 11 PP 1 F S n 795 478 M 0 2 8 0 0 -2 -2 0 -1 -20 -2 0 -8 14 -1 -14 -2 0 -11 20 -1 0 -1 2 8 0 0 -2 -4 0 10 -17 1 14 1 0 9 -14 0 17 20 PP -4 0 1 PP 1 F S n 975 478 M -3 0 -1 2 9 0 0 -2 -3 0 -5 -19 5 -8 8 0 0 -2 -8 0 -20 29 -3 0 0 2 8 0 0 -2 -3 0 12 -17 4 17 18 PP 1 F S n 1035 476 M 1 -7 -1 0 -2 5 -14 0 21 -18 1 -2 -20 0 -1 6 1 0 2 -4 15 0 -22 18 0 2 19 0 14 PP 1 F S n 1277 486 M 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 -2 1 -1 2 -1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 -1 1 -1 2 -1 0 0 -1 3 20 PP 0 -2 1 -2 0 0 4 -14 -5 0 0 2 2 0 -3 12 0 0 -1 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 20 PP 0 0 -1 -2 0 -2 1 -2 0 0 3 -14 -4 0 -1 2 3 0 -4 15 0 0 -1 1 -1 1 -2 1 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 0 0 -1 -2 20 PP 5 0 0 -2 -3 0 5 -18 3 0 0 -2 -8 0 -1 2 4 0 -4 15 0 0 -1 1 -1 1 -2 1 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 18 PP 1 F S n 6 .5 1321 454 B 1 F n 12 .5 1318 455 B 1 F n 6 .5 1316 456 B 1 F n 5 .5 1326 456 B 1 F n 4 .5 1315 457 B 1 F n 4 .5 1328 457 B 1 F n 4 .5 1314 458 B 1 F n 3 .5 1329 458 B 1 F n 4 .5 1312 459 B 1 F n 4 .5 1329 459 B 1 F n 4 .5 1311 460 B 1 F n 3 .5 1330 460 B 1 F n 3 .5 1311 461 B 1 F n 3 .5 1331 461 B 1 F n 3 .5 1310 462 B 1 F n 3 .5 1331 462 B 1 F n 3 .5 1310 463 B 1 F n 3 .5 1331 463 B 1 F n 23 .5 1310 464 B 1 F n 2 .5 1309 465 B 1 F n 2 .5 1309 466 B 1 F n 2 .5 1309 467 B 1 F n 2 .5 1309 468 B 1 F n 2 .5 1309 469 B 1 F n 2 .5 1309 470 B 1 F n 1 .5 1310 471 B 1 F n 1 .5 1329 471 B 1 F n 2 .5 1310 472 B 1 F n 1 .5 1329 472 B 1 F n 3 .5 1310 473 B 1 F n 1 .5 1328 473 B 1 F n 3 .5 1311 474 B 1 F n 2 .5 1326 474 B 1 F n 15 .5 1312 475 B 1 F n 12 .5 1313 476 B 1 F n gs 26 24 1309 454 CB 1329 471 M 1 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -2 -1 -3 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 -1 -2 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -2 0 -4 2 -2 2 -1 2 0 0 1 0 20 PP 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 3 1 3 3 4 3 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 -1 2 -1 1 -1 1 -1 2 -1 2 -3 0 -2 20 PP 1 -2 2 -1 3 -1 2 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 2 1 3 3 0 3 0 3 0 0 -21 0 13 PP S n gr gs 20 9 1312 456 CB 1312 464 M -19 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 3 -1 4 -3 2 -2 1 -2 13 PP S n gr 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 1370 456 M -3 0 -1 2 9 0 0 -2 -3 0 -5 -19 5 -8 8 0 0 -2 -8 0 -20 29 -3 0 0 2 8 0 0 -2 -3 0 12 -17 4 17 18 PP 1 F S n 1489 477 M 0 -2 -10 0 0 2 4 0 -2 7 -4 3 -8 -12 -5 0 -1 2 4 0 8 11 -11 7 -3 0 -1 2 10 0 1 -2 -4 0 13 -9 -5 20 6 0 20 PP 1 -1 -4 0 7 -28 4 0 4 PP 1 F S n 6 .5 1533 454 B 1 F n 12 .5 1530 455 B 1 F n 6 .5 1528 456 B 1 F n 5 .5 1538 456 B 1 F n 4 .5 1527 457 B 1 F n 4 .5 1540 457 B 1 F n 4 .5 1526 458 B 1 F n 3 .5 1541 458 B 1 F n 4 .5 1524 459 B 1 F n 4 .5 1541 459 B 1 F n 4 .5 1523 460 B 1 F n 3 .5 1542 460 B 1 F n 3 .5 1523 461 B 1 F n 3 .5 1543 461 B 1 F n 3 .5 1522 462 B 1 F n 3 .5 1543 462 B 1 F n 3 .5 1522 463 B 1 F n 3 .5 1543 463 B 1 F n 23 .5 1522 464 B 1 F n 2 .5 1521 465 B 1 F n 2 .5 1521 466 B 1 F n 2 .5 1521 467 B 1 F n 2 .5 1521 468 B 1 F n 2 .5 1521 469 B 1 F n 2 .5 1521 470 B 1 F n 1 .5 1522 471 B 1 F n 1 .5 1541 471 B 1 F n 2 .5 1522 472 B 1 F n 1 .5 1541 472 B 1 F n 3 .5 1522 473 B 1 F n 1 .5 1540 473 B 1 F n 3 .5 1523 474 B 1 F n 2 .5 1538 474 B 1 F n 15 .5 1524 475 B 1 F n 12 .5 1525 476 B 1 F n gs 26 24 1521 454 CB 1541 471 M 1 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -2 -1 -3 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 -1 -2 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -2 0 -4 2 -2 2 -1 2 0 0 1 0 20 PP 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 3 1 3 3 4 3 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 -1 2 -1 1 -1 1 -1 2 -1 2 -3 0 -2 20 PP 1 -2 2 -1 3 -1 2 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 2 1 3 3 0 3 0 3 0 0 -21 0 13 PP S n gr gs 20 9 1524 456 CB 1524 464 M -19 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 3 -1 4 -3 2 -2 1 -2 13 PP S n gr 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 1581 454 M 1 -7 -1 0 -2 5 -14 0 21 -18 1 -2 -20 0 -1 6 1 0 2 -4 15 0 -22 18 0 2 19 0 14 PP 1 F S n 1700 486 M 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 -2 1 -1 2 -1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 -1 1 -1 2 -1 0 0 -1 3 20 PP 0 -2 1 -2 0 0 4 -14 -5 0 0 2 2 0 -3 12 0 0 -1 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 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n 3 .5 1698 422 B 1 F n 6 .5 1702 422 B 1 F n 3 .5 1697 423 B 1 F n 6 .5 1704 423 B 1 F n 3 .5 1697 424 B 1 F n 6 .5 1705 424 B 1 F n 3 .5 1697 425 B 1 F n 4 .5 1706 425 B 1 F n 3 .5 1698 426 B 1 F n 2 .5 1707 426 B 1 F n 3 .5 1699 427 B 1 F n 4 .5 1700 428 B 1 F n 4 .5 1701 429 B 1 F n 5 .5 1702 430 B 1 F n 7 .5 1701 431 B 1 F n 9 .5 1700 432 B 1 F n 3 .5 1699 433 B 1 F n 4 .5 1706 433 B 1 F n 3 .5 1698 434 B 1 F n 4 .5 1707 434 B 1 F n 3 .5 1697 435 B 1 F n 4 .5 1708 435 B 1 F n 4 .5 1696 436 B 1 F n 5 .5 1708 436 B 1 F n 4 .5 1695 437 B 1 F n 4 .5 1709 437 B 1 F n 4 .5 1695 438 B 1 F n 4 .5 1709 438 B 1 F n 4 .5 1694 439 B 1 F n 5 .5 1709 439 B 1 F n 4 .5 1694 440 B 1 F n 5 .5 1709 440 B 1 F n 4 .5 1694 441 B 1 F n 5 .5 1709 441 B 1 F n 4 .5 1694 442 B 1 F n 5 .5 1709 442 B 1 F n 4 .5 1694 443 B 1 F n 5 .5 1709 443 B 1 F n 4 .5 1694 444 B 1 F n 5 .5 1709 444 B 1 F n 4 .5 1694 445 B 1 F n 5 .5 1709 445 B 1 F n 5 .5 1694 446 B 1 F n 5 .5 1709 446 B 1 F n 5 .5 1694 447 B 1 F n 4 .5 1709 447 B 1 F n 5 .5 1695 448 B 1 F n 4 .5 1709 448 B 1 F n 5 .5 1695 449 B 1 F n 5 .5 1708 449 B 1 F n 5 .5 1696 450 B 1 F n 6 .5 1707 450 B 1 F n 15 .5 1697 451 B 1 F n 13 .5 1698 452 B 1 F n 11 .5 1699 453 B 1 F n gs 21 36 1694 419 CB 1711 424 M 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0 -2 -2 -3 3 20 PP -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 0 2 -1 3 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 2 1 1 1 20 PP 1 -1 1 -1 1 -3 0 -2 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 -1 -3 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 0 -3 1 20 PP 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 -1 1 -1 1 -2 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -1 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 -2 1 -1 1 -1 20 PP 3 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 5 PP S n gr gs 12 19 1698 433 CB 1709 443 M 1 -1 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 2 3 1 2 0 3 0 0 0 2 -1 3 -2 3 -1 1 -2 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 -1 -2 -3 0 -3 0 -3 20 PP 0 -3 0 -2 2 -2 3 PP S n gr 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 1782 438 M 0 0 0 2 0 14 0 0 0 2 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -2 0 -2 0 -1 0 0 -1 0 0 8 20 PP 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 -1 -10 0 0 1 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1 F n 19 .5 1294 831 B 1 F n gs 20 3 1294 830 CB 1313 830 M 19 0 0 -2 -19 0 0 2 4 PP S n gr gs 20 21 1294 808 CB 1312 808 M 18 -10 -18 -10 -1 1 16 9 -16 8 1 2 6 PP S n gr 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 1525 808 M 0 -9 8 0 0 -1 -8 0 0 -9 -2 0 0 9 -8 0 0 1 8 0 0 9 2 0 12 PP 1 F S n 1669 817 M 18 0 0 -1 -18 0 0 1 4 PP 1 F S n 0 .5 1816 808 B 1 F n 3 .5 1814 809 B 1 F n 5 .5 1812 810 B 1 F n 5 .5 1810 811 B 1 F n 5 .5 1808 812 B 1 F n 4 .5 1807 813 B 1 F n 4 .5 1805 814 B 1 F n 4 .5 1803 815 B 1 F n 4 .5 1801 816 B 1 F n 4 .5 1799 817 B 1 F n 3 .5 1798 818 B 1 F n 3 .5 1800 819 B 1 F n 3 .5 1802 820 B 1 F n 3 .5 1804 821 B 1 F n 2 .5 1806 822 B 1 F n 3 .5 1807 823 B 1 F n 3 .5 1809 824 B 1 F n 3 .5 1811 825 B 1 F n 3 .5 1813 826 B 1 F n 2 .5 1815 827 B 1 F n 19 .5 1798 830 B 1 F n 19 .5 1798 831 B 1 F n gs 20 3 1798 830 CB 1817 830 M 19 0 0 -2 -19 0 0 2 4 PP S n gr gs 20 21 1798 808 CB 1816 808 M 18 -10 -18 -10 -1 1 16 9 -16 8 1 2 6 PP S n gr 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 1423 862 M 18 0 0 -1 -18 0 0 1 4 PP 1 F S n 1535 862 M 18 0 0 -1 -18 0 0 1 4 PP 1 F S n 1659 853 M 0 -9 8 0 0 -1 -8 0 0 -9 -2 0 0 9 -8 0 0 1 8 0 0 9 2 0 12 PP 1 F S n 0 .5 1816 853 B 1 F n 3 .5 1814 854 B 1 F n 5 .5 1812 855 B 1 F n 5 .5 1810 856 B 1 F n 5 .5 1808 857 B 1 F n 4 .5 1807 858 B 1 F n 4 .5 1805 859 B 1 F n 4 .5 1803 860 B 1 F n 4 .5 1801 861 B 1 F n 4 .5 1799 862 B 1 F n 3 .5 1798 863 B 1 F n 3 .5 1800 864 B 1 F n 3 .5 1802 865 B 1 F n 3 .5 1804 866 B 1 F n 2 .5 1806 867 B 1 F n 3 .5 1807 868 B 1 F n 3 .5 1809 869 B 1 F n 3 .5 1811 870 B 1 F n 3 .5 1813 871 B 1 F n 2 .5 1815 872 B 1 F n 19 .5 1798 875 B 1 F n 19 .5 1798 876 B 1 F n gs 20 3 1798 875 CB 1817 875 M 19 0 0 -2 -19 0 0 2 4 PP S n gr gs 20 21 1798 853 CB 1816 853 M 18 -10 -18 -10 -1 1 16 9 -16 8 1 2 6 PP S n gr 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 0 .5 1799 898 B 1 F n 2 .5 1799 899 B 1 F n 5 .5 1798 900 B 1 F n 5 .5 1800 901 B 1 F n 5 .5 1802 902 B 1 F n 4 .5 1804 903 B 1 F n 4 .5 1806 904 B 1 F n 4 .5 1808 905 B 1 F n 4 .5 1810 906 B 1 F n 4 .5 1812 907 B 1 F n 4 .5 1813 908 B 1 F n 4 .5 1811 909 B 1 F n 4 .5 1809 910 B 1 F n 3 .5 1808 911 B 1 F n 3 .5 1806 912 B 1 F n 4 .5 1804 913 B 1 F n 3 .5 1803 914 B 1 F n 3 .5 1801 915 B 1 F n 3 .5 1799 916 B 1 F n 2 .5 1798 917 B 1 F n 19 .5 1798 920 B 1 F n 19 .5 1798 921 B 1 F n gs 20 3 1798 920 CB 1798 920 M 0 -2 -19 0 0 2 19 0 4 PP S n gr gs 20 21 1798 898 CB 1799 898 M 1 -2 -15 -8 15 -9 -1 -1 -18 10 18 10 6 PP S n gr 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 0 .5 1799 942 B 1 F n 2 .5 1799 943 B 1 F n 5 .5 1798 944 B 1 F n 5 .5 1800 945 B 1 F n 5 .5 1802 946 B 1 F n 4 .5 1804 947 B 1 F n 4 .5 1806 948 B 1 F n 4 .5 1808 949 B 1 F n 4 .5 1810 950 B 1 F n 4 .5 1812 951 B 1 F n 4 .5 1813 952 B 1 F n 4 .5 1811 953 B 1 F n 4 .5 1809 954 B 1 F n 3 .5 1808 955 B 1 F n 3 .5 1806 956 B 1 F n 4 .5 1804 957 B 1 F n 3 .5 1803 958 B 1 F n 3 .5 1801 959 B 1 F n 3 .5 1799 960 B 1 F n 2 .5 1798 961 B 1 F n 19 .5 1798 964 B 1 F n 19 .5 1798 965 B 1 F n gs 20 3 1798 964 CB 1798 964 M 0 -2 -19 0 0 2 19 0 4 PP S n gr gs 20 21 1798 942 CB 1799 942 M 1 -2 -15 -8 15 -9 -1 -1 -18 10 18 10 6 PP S n gr 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 0 .5 1799 987 B 1 F n 2 .5 1799 988 B 1 F n 5 .5 1798 989 B 1 F n 5 .5 1800 990 B 1 F n 5 .5 1802 991 B 1 F n 4 .5 1804 992 B 1 F n 4 .5 1806 993 B 1 F n 4 .5 1808 994 B 1 F n 4 .5 1810 995 B 1 F n 4 .5 1812 996 B 1 F n 4 .5 1813 997 B 1 F n 4 .5 1811 998 B 1 F n 4 .5 1809 999 B 1 F n 3 .5 1808 1000 B 1 F n 3 .5 1806 1001 B 1 F n 4 .5 1804 1002 B 1 F n 3 .5 1803 1003 B 1 F n 3 .5 1801 1004 B 1 F n 3 .5 1799 1005 B 1 F n 2 .5 1798 1006 B 1 F n 19 .5 1798 1009 B 1 F n 19 .5 1798 1010 B 1 F n gs 20 3 1798 1009 CB 1798 1009 M 0 -2 -19 0 0 2 19 0 4 PP S n gr gs 20 21 1798 987 CB 1799 987 M 1 -2 -15 -8 15 -9 -1 -1 -18 10 18 10 6 PP S n gr 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 1225 812 M -4 0 -1 2 11 0 0 -2 -4 0 -4 -20 -2 0 -15 20 -3 0 0 2 9 0 1 -2 -5 0 13 -18 4 18 15 PP 1 F S n 1441 804 M 0 -2 -10 0 0 2 5 0 -6 24 -4 -19 -1 0 -14 19 6 -24 6 0 0 -2 -10 0 -1 2 4 0 -7 24 -3 0 0 2 6 0 13 -18 3 18 20 PP 6 0 1 -2 -3 0 6 -24 3 0 5 PP 1 F S n 1467 812 M 0 2 8 0 0 -2 -2 0 -1 -20 -2 0 -8 14 -1 -14 -2 0 -11 20 -1 0 -1 2 8 0 0 -2 -4 0 10 -17 1 15 1 0 9 -15 0 17 20 PP -4 0 1 PP 1 F S n 6 .5 1609 810 B 1 F n 4 .5 1606 811 B 1 F n 4 .5 1614 811 B 1 F n 3 .5 1604 812 B 1 F n 3 .5 1616 812 B 1 F n 3 .5 1603 813 B 1 F n 3 .5 1617 813 B 1 F n 3 .5 1602 814 B 1 F n 3 .5 1617 814 B 1 F n 4 .5 1600 815 B 1 F n 3 .5 1618 815 B 1 F n 4 .5 1599 816 B 1 F n 3 .5 1618 816 B 1 F n 3 .5 1599 817 B 1 F n 3 .5 1619 817 B 1 F n 3 .5 1598 818 B 1 F n 3 .5 1619 818 B 1 F n 3 .5 1598 819 B 1 F n 3 .5 1619 819 B 1 F n 23 .5 1598 820 B 1 F n 2 .5 1597 821 B 1 F n 2 .5 1597 822 B 1 F n 2 .5 1597 823 B 1 F n 2 .5 1597 824 B 1 F n 2 .5 1597 825 B 1 F n 2 .5 1597 826 B 1 F n 1 .5 1598 827 B 1 F n 1 .5 1617 827 B 1 F n 2 .5 1598 828 B 1 F n 1 .5 1617 828 B 1 F n 3 .5 1598 829 B 1 F n 1 .5 1616 829 B 1 F n 3 .5 1599 830 B 1 F n 2 .5 1614 830 B 1 F n 15 .5 1600 831 B 1 F n 12 .5 1601 832 B 1 F n gs 26 24 1597 810 CB 1617 827 M 1 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -2 -1 -3 0 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1 0 9 -15 0 17 20 PP -4 0 1 PP 1 F S n 6 .5 1609 855 B 1 F n 4 .5 1606 856 B 1 F n 4 .5 1614 856 B 1 F n 3 .5 1604 857 B 1 F n 3 .5 1616 857 B 1 F n 3 .5 1603 858 B 1 F n 3 .5 1617 858 B 1 F n 3 .5 1602 859 B 1 F n 3 .5 1617 859 B 1 F n 4 .5 1600 860 B 1 F n 3 .5 1618 860 B 1 F n 4 .5 1599 861 B 1 F n 3 .5 1618 861 B 1 F n 3 .5 1599 862 B 1 F n 3 .5 1619 862 B 1 F n 3 .5 1598 863 B 1 F n 3 .5 1619 863 B 1 F n 3 .5 1598 864 B 1 F n 3 .5 1619 864 B 1 F n 23 .5 1598 865 B 1 F n 2 .5 1597 866 B 1 F n 2 .5 1597 867 B 1 F n 2 .5 1597 868 B 1 F n 2 .5 1597 869 B 1 F n 2 .5 1597 870 B 1 F n 2 .5 1597 871 B 1 F n 1 .5 1598 872 B 1 F n 1 .5 1617 872 B 1 F n 2 .5 1598 873 B 1 F n 1 .5 1617 873 B 1 F n 3 .5 1598 874 B 1 F n 1 .5 1616 874 B 1 F n 3 .5 1599 875 B 1 F n 2 .5 1614 875 B 1 F n 15 .5 1600 876 B 1 F n 12 .5 1601 877 B 1 F n gs 26 24 1597 855 CB 1617 872 M 1 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -2 -1 -3 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 -1 -2 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -2 0 -4 2 -2 2 -1 2 0 0 1 0 20 PP 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 3 1 3 3 4 3 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 -1 2 -1 1 -1 1 -1 2 -1 2 -3 0 -2 20 PP 1 -2 2 -1 3 -1 2 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 2 1 3 3 0 3 0 3 0 0 -21 0 13 PP S n gr gs 20 10 1600 856 CB 1600 865 M -19 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 2 3 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 2 -2 0 -1 1 -1 18 PP S n gr 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 1713 855 M 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 -1 1 0 2 -2 1 -1 2 -2 0 0 -2 6 20 PP 0 -2 -18 0 0 2 9 0 -2 11 0 0 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 0 0 -1 0 -1 1 -2 1 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 20 PP 9 0 0 -2 -6 0 4 -18 7 0 5 PP 1 F S n 1898 855 M 1 -7 -1 0 -2 5 -14 0 21 -18 1 -2 -20 0 -1 6 1 0 2 -4 15 0 -22 18 0 2 19 0 14 PP 1 F S n 1575 902 M -4 0 -1 2 11 0 0 -2 -4 0 -4 -20 -2 0 -15 20 -3 0 0 2 9 0 1 -2 -5 0 13 -18 4 18 15 PP 1 F S n 1574 946 M -3 0 -1 2 9 0 0 -2 -3 0 -5 -19 5 -8 8 0 0 -2 -8 0 -20 29 -3 0 0 2 8 0 0 -2 -3 0 12 -17 4 17 18 PP 1 F S n 1574 989 M 1 -7 -1 0 -2 5 -14 0 21 -18 1 -2 -20 0 -1 6 1 0 2 -4 15 0 -22 18 0 2 19 0 14 PP 1 F S n 1586 810 M 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 3 1 2 -10 21 20 PP 0 1 -1 1 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 -3 0 0 0 -2 -1 -1 0 -1 0 0 -1 -2 0 -1 -1 -3 0 -2 -1 -2 0 0 1 -2 1 -4 20 PP 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 -1 1 -2 1 -1 0 -2 0 0 -2 0 0 0 20 PP 5 0 5 -16 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 8 PP 1 F S n 1586 855 M 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 3 1 2 -10 21 20 PP 0 1 -1 1 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 -3 0 0 0 -2 -1 -1 0 -1 0 0 -1 -2 0 -1 -1 -3 0 -2 -1 -2 0 0 1 -2 1 -4 20 PP 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 -1 1 -2 1 -1 0 -2 0 0 -2 0 0 0 20 PP 5 0 5 -16 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 8 PP 1 F S n 832 900 M -2 1 -1 1 -2 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 0 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 0 0 -1 0 0 4 0 3 1 0 20 PP -3 2 -1 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 -1 2 20 PP 0 1 0 0 2 0 -1 -4 1 -4 -2 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 -1 -1 0 -2 0 0 0 -3 0 -3 1 20 PP -2 -2 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 1 -1 2 -2 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 20 PP 2 0 3 -1 3 -2 1 -1 0 -2 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 -3 -1 -1 0 -2 0 0 0 -3 0 -2 0 20 PP 1 -2 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 8 PP 1 F S n 847 900 M 4 0 0 20 6 0 0 -2 -4 0 0 -13 0 0 1 -2 1 -2 3 -2 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 3 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 14 20 PP 0 -1 -1 -2 0 -1 -1 0 0 0 -1 -1 0 -1 -2 -1 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -2 0 -2 2 -2 1 -1 2 0 0 0 -4 -6 0 0 2 20 PP 6 0 0 -2 -4 0 0 -12 0 0 0 -2 6 PP 1 F S n 6 .5 870 891 B 1 F n 1 .5 875 892 B 1 F n 1 .5 875 893 B 1 F n 1 .5 875 894 B 1 F n 1 .5 875 895 B 1 F n 1 .5 875 896 B 1 F n 1 .5 875 897 B 1 F n 1 .5 875 898 B 1 F n 1 .5 875 899 B 1 F n 1 .5 875 900 B 1 F n 5 .5 884 900 B 1 F n 1 .5 875 901 B 1 F n 1 .5 882 901 B 1 F n 3 .5 889 901 B 1 F n 1 .5 875 902 B 1 F n 2 .5 879 902 B 1 F n 2 .5 891 902 B 1 F n 1 .5 875 903 B 1 F n 1 .5 879 903 B 1 F n 2 .5 892 903 B 1 F n 1 .5 875 904 B 1 F n 2 .5 878 904 B 1 F n 2 .5 893 904 B 1 F n 4 .5 875 905 B 1 F n 3 .5 893 905 B 1 F n 3 .5 875 906 B 1 F n 2 .5 894 906 B 1 F n 3 .5 875 907 B 1 F n 3 .5 894 907 B 1 F n 2 .5 875 908 B 1 F n 2 .5 895 908 B 1 F n 2 .5 875 909 B 1 F n 2 .5 895 909 B 1 F n 2 .5 875 910 B 1 F n 2 .5 895 910 B 1 F n 2 .5 875 911 B 1 F n 2 .5 895 911 B 1 F n 2 .5 875 912 B 1 F n 2 .5 895 912 B 1 F n 2 .5 875 913 B 1 F n 2 .5 895 913 B 1 F n 2 .5 875 914 B 1 F n 2 .5 895 914 B 1 F n 2 .5 875 915 B 1 F n 2 .5 895 915 B 1 F n 3 .5 875 916 B 1 F n 3 .5 894 916 B 1 F n 1 .5 875 917 B 1 F n 2 .5 876 917 B 1 F n 2 .5 894 917 B 1 F n 1 .5 875 918 B 1 F n 2 .5 877 918 B 1 F n 3 .5 893 918 B 1 F n 1 .5 875 919 B 1 F n 2 .5 878 919 B 1 F n 3 .5 892 919 B 1 F n 6 .5 870 920 B 1 F n 2 .5 879 920 B 1 F n 3 .5 891 920 B 1 F n 6 .5 870 921 B 1 F n 14 .5 879 921 B 1 F n 11 .5 881 922 B 1 F n gs 28 33 870 891 CB 876 891 M 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 -1 3 -1 1 -2 2 -1 0 0 0 14 20 PP 5 0 0 -2 -6 0 0 5 0 0 -2 -2 -1 -2 -3 -2 -2 0 -2 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 0 -3 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 3 0 2 20 PP 6 0 0 -1 -5 0 0 -28 4 PP S n gr gs 19 21 877 901 CB 895 911 M 2 1 3 0 0 0 3 0 2 -1 3 -4 1 -3 0 -2 0 0 0 -3 -1 -3 -3 -3 -2 -1 -3 0 0 0 -3 0 -2 1 -3 3 -1 3 0 3 20 PP 0 2 1 3 3 4 3 PP S n gr 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 3 .5 914 889 B 1 F n 3 .5 914 890 B 1 F n 3 .5 914 891 B 1 F n 3 .5 914 892 B 1 F n 3 .5 914 893 B 1 F n 15 .5 903 900 B 1 F n 15 .5 903 901 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 902 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 903 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 904 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 905 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 906 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 907 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 908 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 909 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 910 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 911 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 912 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 913 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 914 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 915 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 916 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 917 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 918 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 919 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 920 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 921 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 922 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 923 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 924 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 925 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 926 B 1 F n 2 .5 916 927 B 1 F n 0 .5 903 928 B 1 F n 2 .5 915 928 B 1 F n 3 .5 903 929 B 1 F n 2 .5 914 929 B 1 F n 12 .5 903 930 B 1 F n gs 16 32 903 900 CB 903 900 M -1 -1 -1 0 -2 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 0 -3 1 -1 0 0 1 0 0 -1 1 -1 1 0 3 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 19 15 0 20 PP 0 -1 0 -1 0 -3 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 -2 1 -1 2 -2 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 -2 0 0 20 PP 0 -2 -13 0 0 -17 0 0 4 PP S n gr gs 4 6 914 889 CB 914 894 M -3 0 0 5 3 0 0 -5 4 PP S n gr 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 7 .5 941 900 B 1 F n 4 .5 938 901 B 1 F n 4 .5 947 901 B 1 F n 3 .5 937 902 B 1 F n 3 .5 949 902 B 1 F n 3 .5 936 903 B 1 F n 3 .5 950 903 B 1 F n 3 .5 935 904 B 1 F n 3 .5 951 904 B 1 F n 3 .5 934 905 B 1 F n 3 .5 952 905 B 1 F n 3 .5 934 906 B 1 F n 2 .5 953 906 B 1 F n 3 .5 933 907 B 1 F n 3 .5 953 907 B 1 F n 3 .5 933 908 B 1 F n 2 .5 954 908 B 1 F n 3 .5 933 909 B 1 F n 2 .5 954 909 B 1 F n 23 .5 933 910 B 1 F n 2 .5 933 911 B 1 F n 2 .5 933 912 B 1 F n 2 .5 933 913 B 1 F n 2 .5 933 914 B 1 F n 2 .5 933 915 B 1 F n 2 .5 934 916 B 1 F n 2 .5 934 917 B 1 F n 2 .5 953 917 B 1 F n 2 .5 935 918 B 1 F n 2 .5 953 918 B 1 F n 3 .5 936 919 B 1 F n 2 .5 952 919 B 1 F n 3 .5 937 920 B 1 F n 2 .5 951 920 B 1 F n 14 .5 938 921 B 1 F n 11 .5 939 922 B 1 F n gs 24 24 933 900 CB 953 917 M 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -2 -2 -3 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 -1 -2 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -2 0 -3 2 -2 2 -1 2 0 0 2 0 20 PP 0 1 0 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -3 0 -2 20 PP 1 -2 1 -1 2 -1 2 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 2 1 4 3 1 3 0 3 0 0 -21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 PP S n gr gs 20 10 935 901 CB 935 910 M -19 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 3 0 0 0 2 0 2 -1 3 -3 1 -3 1 -2 13 PP S n gr 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 983 900 M -4 4 -2 1 -3 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -2 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 -2 0 1 4 -1 4 2 0 20 PP -2 1 -2 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 -2 2 -1 2 -1 1 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 2 1 4 3 1 3 0 3 0 0 0 3 -1 2 20 PP 1 -1 1 -1 2 -3 0 -2 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -2 -1 -3 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 -1 -2 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -2 0 -3 2 20 PP 0 -2 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 -1 1 -1 1 -1 13 PP 1 F S n 998 894 M 3 -1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 11 -13 0 0 2 13 0 0 6 2 0 20 PP 0 -2 -1 -1 0 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 0 -3 2 -2 1 -1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 -2 2 -1 20 PP 0 -6 4 0 0 -2 -4 0 0 -11 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 8 PP 1 F S n 1050 894 M 3 -1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 11 -13 0 0 2 13 0 0 6 2 0 20 PP 0 -2 -1 -1 0 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 0 -3 2 -2 1 -1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 -2 2 -1 20 PP 0 -6 4 0 0 -2 -4 0 0 -11 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 8 PP 1 F S n 7 .5 1083 900 B 1 F n 3 .5 1080 901 B 1 F n 4 .5 1089 901 B 1 F n 2 .5 1079 902 B 1 F n 2 .5 1092 902 B 1 F n 2 .5 1078 903 B 1 F n 2 .5 1093 903 B 1 F n 2 .5 1077 904 B 1 F n 2 .5 1094 904 B 1 F n 2 .5 1076 905 B 1 F n 3 .5 1094 905 B 1 F n 2 .5 1075 906 B 1 F n 2 .5 1095 906 B 1 F n 2 .5 1075 907 B 1 F n 2 .5 1096 907 B 1 F n 2 .5 1074 908 B 1 F n 2 .5 1096 908 B 1 F n 2 .5 1074 909 B 1 F n 2 .5 1096 909 B 1 F n 2 .5 1074 910 B 1 F n 2 .5 1096 910 B 1 F n 2 .5 1074 911 B 1 F n 2 .5 1096 911 B 1 F n 2 .5 1074 912 B 1 F n 2 .5 1096 912 B 1 F n 2 .5 1074 913 B 1 F n 2 .5 1096 913 B 1 F n 2 .5 1074 914 B 1 F n 2 .5 1096 914 B 1 F n 2 .5 1074 915 B 1 F n 2 .5 1096 915 B 1 F n 2 .5 1075 916 B 1 F n 3 .5 1095 916 B 1 F n 2 .5 1075 917 B 1 F n 2 .5 1095 917 B 1 F n 2 .5 1076 918 B 1 F n 3 .5 1094 918 B 1 F n 3 .5 1077 919 B 1 F n 3 .5 1093 919 B 1 F n 3 .5 1078 920 B 1 F n 3 .5 1092 920 B 1 F n 15 .5 1079 921 B 1 F n 13 .5 1080 922 B 1 F n gs 25 24 1074 900 CB 1074 911 M 0 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 2 -3 0 -2 0 -1 20 PP -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 -1 -2 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -2 0 -3 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 3 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 20 PP 0 -2 0 -2 -2 -3 3 PP S n gr gs 21 21 1076 901 CB 1076 911 M -2 -1 -3 0 0 0 -3 0 -3 1 -3 3 -1 3 0 3 0 0 0 3 1 2 3 4 3 1 3 0 0 0 3 0 2 -1 4 -4 1 -2 0 -3 20 PP 0 -3 -1 -3 -4 -3 3 PP S n gr 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 6 .5 1899 893 B 1 F n 8 .5 1898 894 B 1 F n 3 .5 1897 895 B 1 F n 2 .5 1905 895 B 1 F n 2 .5 1897 896 B 1 F n 2 .5 1906 896 B 1 F n 2 .5 1896 897 B 1 F n 3 .5 1906 897 B 1 F n 3 .5 1895 898 B 1 F n 3 .5 1907 898 B 1 F n 2 .5 1895 899 B 1 F n 2 .5 1908 899 B 1 F n 3 .5 1894 900 B 1 F n 1 .5 1909 900 B 1 F n 2 .5 1894 901 B 1 F n 1 .5 1909 901 B 1 F n 3 .5 1893 902 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 902 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 903 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 903 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 904 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 904 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 905 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 905 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 906 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 906 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 907 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 907 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 908 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 908 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 909 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 909 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 910 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 910 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 911 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 911 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 912 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 912 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 913 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 913 B 1 F n 3 .5 1893 914 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 914 B 1 F n 2 .5 1894 915 B 1 F n 1 .5 1909 915 B 1 F n 3 .5 1894 916 B 1 F n 1 .5 1909 916 B 1 F n 2 .5 1895 917 B 1 F n 1 .5 1909 917 B 1 F n 2 .5 1895 918 B 1 F n 2 .5 1908 918 B 1 F n 2 .5 1896 919 B 1 F n 2 .5 1907 919 B 1 F n 1 .5 1897 920 B 1 F n 3 .5 1906 920 B 1 F n 11 .5 1897 921 B 1 F n 10 .5 1897 922 B 1 F n gs 19 31 1893 893 CB 1902 893 M -1 0 -2 1 -1 1 -1 2 -1 1 0 2 -1 3 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 3 1 3 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 0 2 0 20 PP 0 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -2 1 -3 0 -3 0 -2 0 0 0 -3 0 -2 -1 -3 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -2 0 -1 -2 -1 -2 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 20 PP 1 0 2 0 2 -2 3 PP S n gr gs 15 27 1895 895 CB 1902 895 M -1 0 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 0 2 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 3 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 2 0 20 PP 0 -1 1 -1 0 -1 1 -1 1 -3 0 -2 0 -2 0 0 0 -2 0 -2 -1 -3 -1 -2 0 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 -2 -1 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 20 PP 1 0 1 0 2 -2 3 PP S n gr 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 6 .5 1899 937 B 1 F n 8 .5 1898 938 B 1 F n 3 .5 1897 939 B 1 F n 2 .5 1905 939 B 1 F n 2 .5 1897 940 B 1 F n 2 .5 1906 940 B 1 F n 2 .5 1896 941 B 1 F n 3 .5 1906 941 B 1 F n 3 .5 1895 942 B 1 F n 3 .5 1907 942 B 1 F n 2 .5 1895 943 B 1 F n 2 .5 1908 943 B 1 F n 3 .5 1894 944 B 1 F n 1 .5 1909 944 B 1 F n 2 .5 1894 945 B 1 F n 1 .5 1909 945 B 1 F n 3 .5 1893 946 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 946 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 947 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 947 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 948 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 948 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 949 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 949 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 950 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 950 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 951 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 951 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 952 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 952 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 953 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 953 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 954 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 954 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 955 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 955 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 956 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 956 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 957 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 957 B 1 F n 3 .5 1893 958 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 958 B 1 F n 2 .5 1894 959 B 1 F n 1 .5 1909 959 B 1 F n 3 .5 1894 960 B 1 F n 1 .5 1909 960 B 1 F n 2 .5 1895 961 B 1 F n 1 .5 1909 961 B 1 F n 2 .5 1895 962 B 1 F n 2 .5 1908 962 B 1 F n 2 .5 1896 963 B 1 F n 2 .5 1907 963 B 1 F n 1 .5 1897 964 B 1 F n 3 .5 1906 964 B 1 F n 11 .5 1897 965 B 1 F n 10 .5 1897 966 B 1 F n gs 19 31 1893 937 CB 1902 937 M -1 0 -2 1 -1 1 -1 2 -1 1 0 2 -1 3 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 3 1 3 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 0 2 0 20 PP 0 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -2 1 -3 0 -3 0 -2 0 0 0 -3 0 -2 -1 -3 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -2 0 -1 -2 -1 -2 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 20 PP 1 0 2 0 2 -2 3 PP S n gr gs 15 27 1895 939 CB 1902 939 M -1 0 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 0 2 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 3 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 2 0 20 PP 0 -1 1 -1 0 -1 1 -1 1 -3 0 -2 0 -2 0 0 0 -2 0 -2 -1 -3 -1 -2 0 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 -2 -1 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 20 PP 1 0 1 0 2 -2 3 PP S n gr 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 6 .5 1899 982 B 1 F n 8 .5 1898 983 B 1 F n 3 .5 1897 984 B 1 F n 2 .5 1905 984 B 1 F n 2 .5 1897 985 B 1 F n 2 .5 1906 985 B 1 F n 2 .5 1896 986 B 1 F n 3 .5 1906 986 B 1 F n 3 .5 1895 987 B 1 F n 3 .5 1907 987 B 1 F n 2 .5 1895 988 B 1 F n 2 .5 1908 988 B 1 F n 3 .5 1894 989 B 1 F n 1 .5 1909 989 B 1 F n 2 .5 1894 990 B 1 F n 1 .5 1909 990 B 1 F n 3 .5 1893 991 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 991 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 992 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 992 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 993 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 993 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 994 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 994 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 995 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 995 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 996 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 996 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 997 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 997 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 998 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 998 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 999 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 999 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 1000 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 1000 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 1001 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 1001 B 1 F n 2 .5 1893 1002 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 1002 B 1 F n 3 .5 1893 1003 B 1 F n 2 .5 1909 1003 B 1 F n 2 .5 1894 1004 B 1 F n 1 .5 1909 1004 B 1 F n 3 .5 1894 1005 B 1 F n 1 .5 1909 1005 B 1 F n 2 .5 1895 1006 B 1 F n 1 .5 1909 1006 B 1 F n 2 .5 1895 1007 B 1 F n 2 .5 1908 1007 B 1 F n 2 .5 1896 1008 B 1 F n 2 .5 1907 1008 B 1 F n 1 .5 1897 1009 B 1 F n 3 .5 1906 1009 B 1 F n 11 .5 1897 1010 B 1 F n 10 .5 1897 1011 B 1 F n gs 19 31 1893 982 CB 1902 982 M -1 0 -2 1 -1 1 -1 2 -1 1 0 2 -1 3 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 3 1 3 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 0 2 0 20 PP 0 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -2 1 -3 0 -3 0 -2 0 0 0 -3 0 -2 -1 -3 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -2 0 -1 -2 -1 -2 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 20 PP 1 0 2 0 2 -2 3 PP S n gr gs 15 27 1895 984 CB 1902 984 M -1 0 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 0 2 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 3 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 2 0 20 PP 0 -1 1 -1 0 -1 1 -1 1 -3 0 -2 0 -2 0 0 0 -2 0 -2 -1 -3 -1 -2 0 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 -2 -1 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 20 PP 1 0 1 0 2 -2 3 PP S n gr 240 1142 1920 (The purpose of the linear program is to learn the weight vector ) 1920 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 2160 1142 30 (w) 30 SB 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 931 1262 M 0 0 1 -1 1 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 -2 0 0 0 -1 0 -2 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 -1 2 0 0 0 3 0 2 -15 21 20 PP -1 2 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 -3 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 0 -3 0 -2 0 -2 0 0 1 -2 1 -4 20 PP 0 2 0 0 0 2 -1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 -1 2 -2 0 -1 1 -2 0 0 -2 0 0 0 20 PP 5 0 10 -16 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 6 PP 1 F S n 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 240 1242 660 (and the constant term ) 660 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 900 1242 30 ( ) 30 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 930 1242 1230 (. These parameters determine a recurrence) 1230 SB 781 1362 M 0 0 1 -1 1 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 -2 0 0 0 -1 0 -2 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 -1 2 0 0 0 3 0 2 -15 21 20 PP -1 2 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 -3 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 0 -3 0 -2 0 -2 0 0 1 -2 1 -4 20 PP 0 2 0 0 0 2 -1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 -1 2 -2 0 -1 1 -2 0 0 -2 0 0 0 20 PP 5 0 10 -16 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 6 PP 1 F S n 240 1342 240 (surface ) 240 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 480 1342 30 (s) 30 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 510 1342 90 ( = ) 90 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 600 1342 60 (wx) 60 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 660 1342 90 ( + ) 90 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 750 1342 30 ( ) 30 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 780 1342 240 (, where ) 240 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 1020 1342 60 (x ) 60 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1080 1342 1050 ( is the vector of measured features) 1050 SB 240 1442 120 (and ) 120 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 360 1442 30 (s) 30 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 390 1442 1800 ( is the surface which fits the observed recurrence times and) 1800 SB 240 1542 1140 (overestimates the disease free times. ) 1170 SB 1410 1542 150 (Here ) 150 SB 1560 1542 240 (M is an ) 240 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 1800 1542 30 (m) 30 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1830 1542 90 ( x ) 90 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 1920 1542 30 (n) 30 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1950 1542 210 ( matrix) 210 SB 240 1642 210 (of the ) 210 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 450 1642 60 (m ) 60 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 510 1642 1470 (recurrent points, with recurrence time vector t. ) 1470 SB 240 1742 420 (Similarly, the) 420 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 660 1742 60 ( k) 60 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 720 1742 1290 ( non-recurrent points are collected in the ) 1290 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 2010 1742 30 (k) 30 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 2040 1742 90 ( x ) 90 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 2130 1742 30 (n) 30 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 240 1842 210 (matrix ) 210 SB 450 1842 1740 (N, and their last known disease free survival times in the) 1740 SB 240 1942 300 (vector r. ) 330 SB 570 1942 360 (The vectors ) 360 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 930 1942 30 (y) 30 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 960 1942 150 ( and ) 150 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 1110 1942 30 (z) 30 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1140 1942 1050 ( represent the errors for recurrent) 1050 SB 240 2042 1950 (and non-recurrent points, respectively; overestimating the TTR of) 1950 SB 240 2142 1950 (recurrences is considered and error, while predicting a TTR which) 1950 SB 240 2242 1500 (is shorter than an observed DFS is also an error. ) 1530 SB 1770 2242 390 (The objective) 390 SB 240 2342 1530 (averages the errors over their respective classes. ) 1560 SB 1800 2342 120 (The ) 120 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 1920 2342 30 (v) 30 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1950 2342 180 ( term,) 180 SB 2 .5 1302 2450 B 1 F n 6 .5 1300 2451 B 1 F n 9 .5 1299 2452 B 1 F n 3 .5 1298 2453 B 1 F n 6 .5 1303 2453 B 1 F n 3 .5 1298 2454 B 1 F n 5 .5 1305 2454 B 1 F n 3 .5 1298 2455 B 1 F n 5 .5 1306 2455 B 1 F n 3 .5 1298 2456 B 1 F n 3 .5 1307 2456 B 1 F n 3 .5 1299 2457 B 1 F n 2 .5 1308 2457 B 1 F n 3 .5 1300 2458 B 1 F n 4 .5 1301 2459 B 1 F n 4 .5 1302 2460 B 1 F n 5 .5 1302 2461 B 1 F n 7 .5 1301 2462 B 1 F n 9 .5 1300 2463 B 1 F n 4 .5 1299 2464 B 1 F n 5 .5 1306 2464 B 1 F n 2 .5 1299 2465 B 1 F n 4 .5 1308 2465 B 1 F n 3 .5 1298 2466 B 1 F n 4 .5 1309 2466 B 1 F n 3 .5 1297 2467 B 1 F n 4 .5 1309 2467 B 1 F n 4 .5 1296 2468 B 1 F n 3 .5 1310 2468 B 1 F n 4 .5 1296 2469 B 1 F n 4 .5 1310 2469 B 1 F n 4 .5 1295 2470 B 1 F n 4 .5 1310 2470 B 1 F n 4 .5 1295 2471 B 1 F n 4 .5 1310 2471 B 1 F n 4 .5 1295 2472 B 1 F n 4 .5 1310 2472 B 1 F n 4 .5 1295 2473 B 1 F n 4 .5 1310 2473 B 1 F n 4 .5 1295 2474 B 1 F n 4 .5 1310 2474 B 1 F n 4 .5 1295 2475 B 1 F n 4 .5 1310 2475 B 1 F n 4 .5 1295 2476 B 1 F n 4 .5 1310 2476 B 1 F n 5 .5 1295 2477 B 1 F n 4 .5 1310 2477 B 1 F n 5 .5 1295 2478 B 1 F n 3 .5 1310 2478 B 1 F n 4 .5 1296 2479 B 1 F n 4 .5 1309 2479 B 1 F n 5 .5 1296 2480 B 1 F n 4 .5 1309 2480 B 1 F n 4 .5 1297 2481 B 1 F n 5 .5 1308 2481 B 1 F n 14 .5 1298 2482 B 1 F n 13 .5 1298 2483 B 1 F n 11 .5 1299 2484 B 1 F n gs 20 36 1295 2450 CB 1311 2455 M 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0 -2 -2 -2 3 20 PP -1 1 0 2 -1 3 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 20 PP 2 -2 0 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -3 0 -2 0 -1 0 0 0 -3 -1 -3 -3 -4 -3 -1 -2 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 0 -3 1 -1 1 -1 1 20 PP 1 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 -1 1 -1 1 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 -1 -1 -2 -2 -1 -2 -2 -1 0 0 1 0 2 0 20 PP 2 2 0 0 2 PP S n gr gs 12 19 1299 2464 CB 1310 2473 M 2 -1 2 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 3 1 2 0 3 0 0 0 2 -1 3 -1 3 -2 1 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 -2 -1 -2 -3 0 -2 0 -3 20 PP 0 -3 0 -2 2 -3 3 PP S n gr 240 2442 1050 (weighted by an appropriately small ) 1050 SB 1290 2442 30 ( ) 30 SB 1320 2442 660 (,forces underestimated) 660 SB 240 2542 1200 (recurrent points closer to the surface. ) 1230 SB 1470 2542 690 (Note that e is a vector) 690 SB 240 2642 990 (of 1's of appropriate dimension. ) 1020 SB EJ RS %%PageTrailer SS 0 0 20 83 809 1100 300 SM 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 0 0 0 fC 1890 42 300 (Wolberg 10) 300 SB 390 142 1710 (As in classification, it is important to choose the right) 1710 SB 240 242 1530 (subset of features to get the best generalization. ) 1560 SB 1800 242 360 (We choose an) 360 SB 240 342 1800 (appropriate feature set in the following automatic fashion. ) 1830 SB 2070 342 30 (A) 30 SB 240 442 330 (tuning set ) 330 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 570 442 17 (\() 18 SB 588 442 17 (2) 18 SB 606 442 17 (1) 18 SB 624 442 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 642 442 1440 ( constituting one tenth of the training cases is) 1440 SB 240 542 510 (first set aside. ) 540 SB 780 542 1410 (The RSA linear program is then solved using all) 1410 SB 240 642 1950 (of the input features, and the resulting surface is tested on the) 1950 SB 240 742 360 (tuning set. ) 390 SB 630 742 1470 (Features are then removed, one by one, by setting) 1470 SB 240 842 1860 (the smallest \(in magnitude\) element of the coefficient vector ) 1860 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 2100 842 30 (w) 30 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 240 942 270 (to zero. ) 300 SB 540 942 1650 (Each new problem is solved and the result tested on the) 1650 SB 240 1042 1320 (tuning set, until only one feature remains. ) 1350 SB 1590 1042 540 (Using the features) 540 SB 240 1142 1920 (which showed the best performance on the tuning set, we then re-) 1920 SB 240 1242 1890 (optimized using all the training data \(e.g., restore the tuning) 1890 SB 240 1342 180 (set\). ) 210 SB 450 1342 1650 (In this manner, we can use the tuning set to select the) 1650 SB 240 1442 1950 (complexity of the model without paying the penalty of losing some) 1950 SB 240 1542 600 (of the training set.) 600 SB 390 1642 1710 (In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the RSA, it was) 1710 SB 240 1742 840 (fit into a cross-validation ) 840 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1080 1742 17 (\() 18 SB 1098 1742 17 (3) 18 SB 1116 1742 17 (1) 18 SB 1134 1742 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1152 1742 930 ( framework, which estimates the) 930 SB 240 1842 1410 (accuracy of the learned models on future data. ) 1440 SB 1680 1842 480 (As is typical in) 480 SB 240 1942 1950 (the machine learning community, the cross-validation procedure is) 1950 SB 240 2042 1740 (used only for estimation of performance, not for parameter) 1740 SB 240 2142 300 (choosing. ) 330 SB 240 2342 1290 (Statistical analyses were done with Systat ) 1290 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1530 2342 17 (\() 18 SB 1548 2342 17 (3) 18 SB 1566 2342 17 (7) 18 SB 1584 2342 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1602 2342 270 ( and SAS ) 270 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1872 2342 17 (\() 18 SB 1890 2342 17 (1) 18 SB 1908 2342 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 240 2442 270 (software.) 270 SB 240 2642 30 ( ) 30 SB EJ RS %%PageTrailer SS 0 0 20 83 809 1100 300 SM 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 0 0 0 fC 1890 42 300 (Wolberg 11) 300 SB 32 0 0 50 47 0 0 0 42 /Courier-Bold /font9 ANSIFont font 240 143 29 (R) 30 SB 270 143 29 (e) 30 SB 300 143 29 (s) 30 SB 330 143 29 (u) 30 SB 360 143 29 (l) 30 SB 390 143 29 (t) 30 SB 420 143 29 (s) 30 SB 450 143 29 (:) 30 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 240 342 1890 (t-Test analysis of significance of features relative to distant) 1890 SB 240 442 1890 (disease recurrence at two years in the 147 patient subset shows) 1890 SB 240 542 1800 (the unimportance of the number of cancer-containing axillary) 1800 SB 240 642 1890 (lymph nodes and tumor size relative to computer-derived nuclear) 1890 SB 240 742 600 (features \(Table 2\). ) 630 SB 870 742 1110 (The computer-derived features of mean) 1110 SB 240 842 1920 (Radius, mean Perimeter, mean Area, mean Fractal dimension, worst) 1920 SB 240 942 1920 (Radius, worst Perimeter, standard error of Area, worst Area, and) 1920 SB 240 1042 1800 (worst Fractal dimension were stronger predictors of two year) 1800 SB 240 1142 1860 (distant recurrence than were tumor size and lymph node status.) 1860 SB 390 1342 1620 (A three factor principal components analysis component) 1620 SB 240 1442 1860 (loadings of features relative to distant disease recurrence at) 1860 SB 240 1542 1950 (two years was done because many features were highly correlated. ) 1950 SB 240 1642 1740 (Principal component analysis identifies closely correlated) 1740 SB 240 1742 300 (features. ) 330 SB 570 1742 1560 (Component analysis into three groups are reported in) 1560 SB 240 1842 270 (Table 3. ) 300 SB 540 1842 1590 (Most of the sum of the total variance is explained by) 1590 SB 240 1942 1890 (Component 1 which consists of the sum of nuclear size features.) 1890 SB 240 2042 1950 (Lesser amounts of the total variance are explained by Component 2) 1950 SB 240 2142 1680 (which consists of the sum of nuclear shape features, and) 1680 SB 240 2242 1950 (Component 3 which consists of the sum of Tumor size and Number of) 1950 SB 240 2342 810 (nodes involved with cancer.) 810 SB 390 2542 1800 (The relation between the appearance of distant metastases by) 1800 SB 240 2642 1860 (two years with the components taken independently are shown by) 1860 SB EJ RS %%PageTrailer SS 0 0 20 83 809 1100 300 SM 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 0 0 0 fC 1890 42 300 (Wolberg 12) 300 SB 240 142 1800 (the Univariate t test results \(Table 4\). Univariate analysis) 1800 SB 240 242 1860 (indicates that Component 1 \(nuclear size features\) is the only) 1860 SB 240 342 1920 (set of features that relates significantly to distant recurrence) 1920 SB 240 442 540 (within two years. ) 570 SB 810 442 1350 (When these components are taken together in a) 1350 SB 240 542 1860 (discriminant analysis, the multivariate analysis of variance F) 1860 SB 240 642 780 (statistic 13.246, p<0.001 ) 780 SB 390 842 1770 (Machine learning with ten-fold cross validation was used to) 1770 SB 240 942 1650 (select the most useful features for prognostic models. ) 1680 SB 1920 942 270 (Computer-) 270 SB 240 1042 1980 (derived nuclear features were selected 97.8% of the time, whereas ) 1980 SB 240 1142 1830 (tumor size was selected only 1.7% of the time, and lymph node) 1830 SB 240 1242 1200 (status only 0.5% of the time \(Table 5\). ) 1230 SB 1470 1242 510 (The Kaplan-Meier ) 510 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1980 1242 17 (\() 18 SB 1998 1242 17 (1) 18 SB 2016 1242 17 (6) 18 SB 2034 1242 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 240 1342 1800 (plot of the RSA data derived by cross validation is shown as) 1800 SB 240 1442 300 (Figure 2. ) 330 SB 570 1442 1350 (The time during which distant metastases were) 1350 SB 240 1542 1770 (predicted to occur by RSA are divided into three groups; 54) 1770 SB 240 1642 1920 (patients predicted to recur within two years, 98 between two and) 1920 SB 240 1742 1110 (five years, and 35 after five years. ) 1140 SB 1380 1742 750 (The RSA average error for) 750 SB 240 1842 1950 (the appearance of distant metastases with our computer-generated ) 1950 SB 240 1942 990 (nuclear "grade" was 16.5 months. ) 1020 SB 240 2042 60 ( ) 60 SB 390 2042 1710 (In a Cox analysis, a nuclear size feature was selected as) 1710 SB 240 2142 1890 (the single most prognostically important feature in each of the) 1890 SB 240 2242 1290 (five best single-feature models \(Table 6\). ) 1320 SB 1560 2242 600 (After a nuclear size) 600 SB 240 2342 1950 (feature was selected, either the number of metastatic lymph nodes) 1950 SB 240 2442 1830 (or tumor size was chosen in each of the five best two-feature) 1830 SB 240 2542 540 (models \(Table 6\). ) 570 SB 810 2542 1320 (In the Cox proportional hazards analysis for) 1320 SB 240 2642 1830 (the two-feature model, the p-value was 0.0001 for the largest) 1830 SB EJ RS %%PageTrailer SS 0 0 20 83 809 1100 300 SM 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 0 0 0 fC 1890 42 300 (Wolberg 13) 300 SB 240 142 1950 (nuclear area and was 0.0069 for the number of metastatic axillary) 1950 SB 240 242 360 (lymph nodes.) 360 SB 32 0 0 50 47 0 0 0 42 /Courier-Bold /font9 ANSIFont font 240 443 29 (D) 30 SB 270 443 29 (i) 30 SB 300 443 29 (s) 30 SB 330 443 29 (c) 30 SB 360 443 29 (u) 30 SB 390 443 29 (s) 30 SB 420 443 29 (s) 30 SB 450 443 29 (i) 30 SB 480 443 29 (o) 30 SB 510 443 29 (n) 30 SB 540 443 29 (:) 30 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 240 542 1860 (Calibrated oculars, projection microscopy, and graphic tablets) 1860 SB 240 642 1770 (have been used for many years to measure nuclear features. ) 1770 SB 240 742 1680 (Objective cell image analysis using computers has become) 1680 SB 240 842 1560 (increasingly sophisticated during the past 30 years ) 1560 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1800 842 17 (\() 18 SB 1818 842 17 (3) 18 SB 1836 842 17 (6) 18 SB 1854 842 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1872 842 60 (. ) 90 SB 1962 842 90 (The) 90 SB 240 942 1950 (results of computer-based analyses are reproducible and correlate) 1950 SB 240 1042 960 (closely with visual assessments ) 960 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1200 1042 17 (\() 18 SB 1218 1042 17 (3) 18 SB 1236 1042 17 (4) 18 SB 1254 1042 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1272 1042 60 (. ) 90 SB 1362 1042 810 (Such techniques demonstrate) 810 SB 240 1142 1800 (that larger nuclear size is associated with a poor prognosis) 1800 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 240 1242 17 (\() 18 SB 258 1242 17 (3) 18 SB 276 1242 17 (,) 18 SB 294 1242 17 (6) 18 SB 312 1242 17 (,) 18 SB 330 1242 17 (3) 18 SB 348 1242 17 (0) 18 SB 366 1242 17 (,) 18 SB 384 1242 17 (3) 18 SB 402 1242 17 (9) 18 SB 420 1242 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 438 1242 60 (. ) 90 SB 528 1242 360 (Two studies ) 360 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 888 1242 17 (\() 18 SB 906 1242 17 (3) 18 SB 924 1242 17 (,) 18 SB 942 1242 17 (6) 18 SB 960 1242 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 978 1242 1140 ( also found variation in nuclear size,) 1140 SB 240 1342 1920 (as reflected in the standard deviation of nuclear-size features,) 1920 SB 240 1442 1020 (to be prognostically unfavorable. ) 1050 SB 1290 1442 810 (Currently, a large trial is) 810 SB 240 1542 1830 (underway evaluating morphometry \(nuclear area and axes ratio\)) 1830 SB 240 1642 1110 (relative to other prognostic factors ) 1110 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1350 1642 17 (\() 18 SB 1368 1642 17 (5) 18 SB 1386 1642 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1404 1642 60 (. ) 90 SB 390 1742 1470 (In contrast to the methods used in other studies,) 1470 SB 240 1842 1740 (segmentation \(i.e.determination of nuclear boundaries\) are) 1740 SB 240 1942 1740 (determined automatically by the computer "snake" program. ) 1740 SB 240 2042 1950 (Furthermore, our studies use the cellular smear-type preparations) 1950 SB 240 2142 1650 (in which nuclear detail is better preserved than in the) 1650 SB 240 2242 1920 (histological preparations used in many of the previous studies. ) 1950 SB 240 2342 1860 (FNA-obtained cells are preserved intact whereas histologically) 1860 SB 240 2442 1290 (processed cells are cut in various planes. ) 1320 SB 1560 2442 390 (Despite these) 390 SB 240 2542 1680 (technical differences, our prognostic accuracy is almost) 1680 SB 240 2642 1560 (identical to that reported by Komitowski and Janson ) 1560 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1800 2642 17 (\() 18 SB 1818 2642 17 (2) 18 SB 1836 2642 17 (0) 18 SB 1854 2642 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1872 2642 180 (. They) 180 SB EJ RS %%PageTrailer SS 0 0 20 83 809 1100 300 SM 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 0 0 0 fC 1890 42 300 (Wolberg 14) 300 SB 240 142 1890 (used projection microscopy and a digitizing tablet to determine) 1890 SB 240 242 1920 (size, shape, and texture features in 60 breast cancer patients. ) 1920 SB 240 342 1860 (They achieved 85% prognostic accuracy; inclusion of tumor size) 1860 SB 240 442 810 (increased accuracy to 92%. ) 840 SB 1080 442 540 (Pienta and Coffey ) 540 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1620 442 17 (\() 18 SB 1638 442 17 (2) 18 SB 1656 442 17 (7) 18 SB 1674 442 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1692 442 330 ( found that) 330 SB 240 542 1710 (nuclear pleomorphism as measured by both nuclear area and) 1710 SB 240 642 1920 (intrasample variation increased with invasive histology and with) 1920 SB 240 742 1650 (axillary lymph node involvement with metastatic cancer.) 1650 SB 390 842 1620 (In our study, nuclei for analysis were selected by an ) 1620 SB 240 942 1620 (operator from an area deemed to be the most atypical. ) 1650 SB 1890 942 120 (Such) 120 SB 240 1042 1830 (selection is subject to operator bias as compared to a random) 1830 SB 240 1142 570 (selection process. ) 600 SB 840 1142 1290 (In a series of breast cancers, Baak et. al.) 1290 SB 240 1242 1950 (studied the results of nuclear size measurements made selectively) 1950 SB 240 1342 1950 (by an operator who chose maximally atypical areas with those made) 1950 SB 240 1442 270 (randomly ) 270 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 510 1442 17 (\() 18 SB 528 1442 17 (4) 18 SB 546 1442 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 564 1442 60 (. ) 90 SB 654 1442 1320 (They found the measurements obtained by both) 1320 SB 240 1542 1920 (selection processes to be closely correlated and concluded that,) 1920 SB 240 1642 1860 (even when the most atypical area was selected for measurement,) 1860 SB 240 1742 1890 (the results were comparable to those obtained by systematically) 1890 SB 240 1842 1260 (randomly measuring over the entire slide. ) 1290 SB 1530 1842 480 (Moreover, in our) 480 SB 240 1942 1860 (analyses, the computer program calculates both mean values and) 1860 SB 240 2042 1950 ("worst" values i.e. the mean of the three largest nuclear values,) 1950 SB 240 2142 1920 (so "worst" values are obtained automatically from the three most) 1920 SB 240 2242 510 (atypical nuclei. ) 540 SB 780 2242 990 (Pearson correlation coefficients ) 990 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1770 2242 17 (\() 18 SB 1788 2242 17 (3) 18 SB 1806 2242 17 (7) 18 SB 1824 2242 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1842 2242 240 ( between) 240 SB 240 2342 1800 (mean and worst size values are very high: 0.903 for mean and) 1800 SB 240 2442 1470 (worst area, and 0.919 for mean and worst radius. ) 1500 SB 1740 2442 390 (Therefore, we) 390 SB 240 2542 1680 (believe that our results are not dependent on subjective) 1680 SB 240 2642 1200 (selection of a special measurement area.) 1200 SB EJ RS %%PageTrailer SS 0 0 20 83 809 1100 300 SM 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 0 0 0 fC 1890 42 300 (Wolberg 15) 300 SB 240 142 1830 ( Our observations corroborate those of others that nuclear) 1830 SB 240 242 1920 (morphometric features provide prognostic information independent) 1920 SB 240 342 1650 (of that derived from tumor size and axillary lymph node) 1650 SB 240 442 1110 (involvement with metastatic disease. ) 1140 SB 1380 442 540 (Mittra and MacRae ) 540 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1920 442 17 (\() 18 SB 1938 442 17 (2) 18 SB 1956 442 17 (4) 18 SB 1974 442 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1992 442 180 ( did a) 180 SB 240 542 1740 (meta-analysis of the relationship between prognosis and an) 1740 SB 240 642 1860 (assortment of clinical, microscopic, and biological prognostic) 1860 SB 240 742 270 (factors. ) 300 SB 540 742 1590 (A general interrelationship was found between each of) 1590 SB 240 842 1950 (the seven biological prognostic factors and between these factors) 1950 SB 240 942 510 (and tumor grade. ) 540 SB 780 942 1410 (However, the biological factors and tumor grade) 1410 SB 240 1042 1770 (were not correlated with the clinical prognostic factors of) 1770 SB 240 1142 1290 (axillary lymph node status and tumor size. ) 1320 SB 1560 1142 510 (In the Nottingham) 510 SB 240 1242 1890 (index, grade emerged as prognostically more powerful than tumor) 1890 SB 240 1342 1710 (size or lymph-node status and was the only prognostically) 1710 SB 240 1442 1320 (significant factor on multivariate analysis ) 1320 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1560 1442 17 (\() 18 SB 1578 1442 17 (1) 18 SB 1596 1442 17 (4) 18 SB 1614 1442 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1632 1442 30 (.) 30 SB 390 1542 1710 (Now, objectively and accurately assessed nuclear features) 1710 SB 240 1642 1770 (are found to be better indicators than are other prognostic) 1770 SB 240 1742 1560 (features, such as tumor size and lymph node status. ) 1590 SB 1830 1742 300 (Our entire) 300 SB 240 1842 1710 (analytical process, including generation of the patient's) 1710 SB 240 1942 1620 (specific Kaplan-Meier curve for probability of distant) 1620 SB 240 2042 1110 (recurrence, takes about ten minutes. ) 1140 SB 1380 2042 630 (Should others confirm) 630 SB 240 2142 1530 (findings that computer-derived nuclear grade are as) 1530 SB 240 2242 1920 (prognostically accurate as is lymph node status, patients can be) 1920 SB 240 2342 1470 (spared axillary surgery for prognostic purposes. ) 1500 SB 1740 2342 420 (Not only would) 420 SB 240 2442 1950 (the magnitude of breast surgery be reduced, but the 20% incidence) 1950 SB 240 2542 1440 (of arm lymphedema following axillary dissection ) 1440 SB 32 0 0 30 31 0 0 0 25 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1680 2542 17 (\() 18 SB 1698 2542 17 (2) 18 SB 1716 2542 17 (,) 18 SB 1734 2542 17 (1) 18 SB 1752 2542 17 (8) 18 SB 1770 2542 17 (\)) 18 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 1788 2542 270 ( would be) 270 SB 240 2642 270 (avoided. ) 300 SB EJ RS %%PageTrailer SS 0 0 20 83 809 1100 300 SM 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 0 0 0 fC 1890 42 300 (Wolberg 16) 300 SB 390 142 1710 (We conclude that computer-generated nuclear features, and) 1710 SB 240 242 1830 (particularly size features, are prognostically more important) 1830 SB 240 342 1320 (than are tumor size, and lymph node status. ) 1350 SB 1590 342 330 (The methods) 330 SB 240 442 1920 (described in this paper provide the basis for utilizing computer) 1920 SB 240 542 1890 (programs to determine prognosis from computer-generated nuclear) 1890 SB 240 642 270 ("grade". ) 300 SB EJ RS %%PageTrailer SS 0 0 20 83 809 1100 300 SM 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 0 0 0 fC 1890 42 300 (Wolberg 17) 300 SB 240 142 330 (References:) 330 SB 240 342 1920 ( 1. SAS Institute Inc. editor.SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 6.) 1920 SB 240 442 1290 (4th ed. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. 1989; ) 1290 SB 240 542 30 ( ) 30 SB 240 642 1770 ( 2.Aitken RJ, Gaze MN, Rodger A, Chetty U, Forrest APM. Arm) 1770 SB 240 742 1860 (morbidity within a trial of mastectomy and either nodal sample) 1860 SB 240 842 1650 (with selective radiotherapy or axillary clearance. Br J) 1650 SB 240 942 690 (Surg.76:568-571, 1989. ) 690 SB 240 1042 30 ( ) 30 SB 240 1142 1890 ( 3.Baak JPA, Kurver PHJ, Snoo-Niewlaat AJE, Graef S, Makkink B.) 1890 SB 240 1242 1800 (Prognostic Indicators in Breast Cancer-Morphometric Methods.) 1800 SB 240 1342 960 (Histopathology.6:327-339, 1982. ) 960 SB 240 1442 30 ( ) 30 SB 240 1542 1830 ( 4.Baak JPA, Ladekarl M, Sorensen FB. Reproducibility of mean) 1830 SB 240 1642 1890 (nuclear volume and correlation with mean nuclear area in breast) 1890 SB 240 1742 1800 (cancer: An investigation of various sampling schemes. 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[Abstract] Proc Amer) 1830 SB 240 1842 990 (Assoc Cancer Research 1992;33:59 ) 990 SB 240 1942 30 ( ) 30 SB 240 2042 1770 ( 41.Wolberg WH, Street WN, Mangasarian OL. Machine learning) 1770 SB 240 2142 1950 (techniques to diagnose breast cancer from image-processed nuclear) 1950 SB 240 2242 1830 (features of fine needle aspirates. Cancer Letters.77:163-171,) 1830 SB 240 2342 180 (1994. ) 180 SB 240 2442 30 ( ) 30 SB EJ RS %%PageTrailer SS 0 0 20 83 809 1100 300 SM 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 0 0 0 fC 1890 42 300 (Wolberg 24) 300 SB 240 242 1950 (Table 1: Tumor size and number of cancerous axillary lymph nodes ) 1980 SB 240 342 630 (in the 187 patients. ) 660 SB 900 342 1230 (The values in the chart are the number of) 1230 SB 240 442 810 (patients in each category. ) 810 SB 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 3 141 240 651 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 3 141 244 651 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 3 133 248 659 B 1 F n 749 3 240 651 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 745 3 244 655 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 741 3 248 659 B 1 F n 3 133 990 659 B 1 F n 300 3 990 651 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 300 3 990 655 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 300 3 990 659 B 1 F n 1019 684 240 (Positive) 240 SB 296 3 1291 651 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 296 3 1291 655 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 296 3 1291 659 B 1 F n 1316 684 150 (nodes) 150 SB 300 3 1588 651 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 300 3 1588 655 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 300 3 1588 659 B 1 F n 299 3 1889 651 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 299 3 1889 655 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 291 3 1889 659 B 1 F n 3 141 2185 651 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 3 137 2181 655 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 3 133 2177 659 B 1 F n 3 133 240 793 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 3 133 244 793 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 3 133 248 793 B 1 F n 741 3 248 793 B 1 F n 277 818 480 (Tumor size \(cm.\)) 480 SB 3 133 990 793 B 1 F n 300 3 990 793 B 1 F n 1019 818 150 ( 0) 150 SB 3 133 1291 793 B 1 F n 296 3 1291 793 B 1 F n 1320 818 150 ( 1-3) 150 SB 3 133 1588 793 B 1 F n 300 3 1588 793 B 1 F n 1617 818 180 ( 4-9) 180 SB 3 133 1889 793 B 1 F n 291 3 1889 793 B 1 F n 3 133 2185 793 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 3 133 2181 793 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 3 133 2177 793 B 1 F n 1918 818 120 ( >9) 120 SB 3 133 240 927 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 3 133 244 927 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 3 133 248 927 B 1 F n 741 3 248 927 B 1 F n 277 952 150 ( <1) 150 SB 3 133 990 927 B 1 F n 300 3 990 927 B 1 F n 1019 952 150 ( 4) 150 SB 3 133 1291 927 B 1 F n 296 3 1291 927 B 1 F n 1320 952 120 ( 2) 120 SB 3 133 1588 927 B 1 F n 300 3 1588 927 B 1 F n 1617 952 120 ( 0) 120 SB 3 133 1889 927 B 1 F n 291 3 1889 927 B 1 F n 3 133 2185 927 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 3 133 2181 927 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 3 133 2177 927 B 1 F n 1918 952 120 ( 0) 120 SB 3 133 240 1061 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 3 133 244 1061 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 3 133 248 1061 B 1 F n 741 3 248 1061 B 1 F n 277 1086 180 ( 1-3) 180 SB 3 133 990 1061 B 1 F n 300 3 990 1061 B 1 F n 1019 1086 150 ( 70) 150 SB 3 133 1291 1061 B 1 F n 296 3 1291 1061 B 1 F n 1320 1086 120 ( 42) 120 SB 3 133 1588 1061 B 1 F n 300 3 1588 1061 B 1 F n 1617 1086 120 ( 5) 120 SB 3 133 1889 1061 B 1 F n 291 3 1889 1061 B 1 F n 3 133 2185 1061 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 3 133 2181 1061 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 3 133 2177 1061 B 1 F n 1918 1086 120 ( 5) 120 SB 3 145 240 1195 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 3 145 244 1195 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 3 137 248 1195 B 1 F n 741 3 248 1195 B 1 F n 749 3 240 1337 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 745 3 244 1333 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 741 3 248 1329 B 1 F n 277 1220 150 ( >3) 150 SB 3 137 990 1195 B 1 F n 300 3 990 1195 B 1 F n 300 3 990 1337 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 300 3 990 1333 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 300 3 990 1329 B 1 F n 1019 1220 150 ( 11) 150 SB 3 137 1291 1195 B 1 F n 296 3 1291 1195 B 1 F n 296 3 1291 1337 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 296 3 1291 1333 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 296 3 1291 1329 B 1 F n 1320 1220 120 ( 10) 120 SB 3 137 1588 1195 B 1 F n 300 3 1588 1195 B 1 F n 300 3 1588 1337 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 300 3 1588 1333 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 300 3 1588 1329 B 1 F n 1617 1220 120 ( 9) 120 SB 3 137 1889 1195 B 1 F n 291 3 1889 1195 B 1 F n 3 145 2185 1195 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 3 145 2181 1195 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 3 137 2177 1195 B 1 F n 299 3 1889 1337 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 295 3 1889 1333 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 291 3 1889 1329 B 1 F n 1918 1220 120 ( 6) 120 SB EJ RS %%PageTrailer SS 0 0 20 83 809 1100 300 SM 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 0 0 0 fC 1890 42 300 (Wolberg 25) 300 SB 240 142 1770 (Table 2: p values for the relationship between features and) 1770 SB 240 242 1230 (distant disease recurrence by two years. ) 1260 SB 1500 242 600 (118 patients had not) 600 SB 240 342 600 (recurred and 28 had.) 600 SB 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 3 141 240 451 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 3 141 244 451 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 3 133 248 459 B 1 F n 680 3 240 451 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 676 3 244 455 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 672 3 248 459 B 1 F n 277 484 210 (p<0.001) 210 SB 3 133 921 459 B 1 F n 680 3 921 451 B 1 F n 255 255 255 fC 680 3 921 455 B 1 F n 0 0 0 fC 680 3 921 459 B 1 F n 950 484 360 (0.001
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800f800f800f000f 800f800f800f000f 800f800f800f000f 800f800f800f000f 800f800f800f000f 800f800f800f000f 800f800f800f000f 800f800f800f000f 800f800f800f000f 800f800f800f000f 800f800f800f000f 800f800f800f000f 800f800f800f000f 800f800f800f000f 800f800f800f000f 800f800f800f000f 800f800f800f000f 800f800f800f000f 800f800f800f000f %%EndData restore gr EJ RS %%PageTrailer SS 0 0 20 83 809 1100 300 SM 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 0 0 0 fC 1890 42 300 (Wolberg 33) 300 SB 240 142 570 (Legend for figure 2) 570 SB 240 242 1650 (Kaplan-Meier survival curve derived from RSA analysis. ) 1680 SB 1920 242 270 (Predicted) 270 SB 240 342 1200 (survivals are divided into three groups:) 1200 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 240 442 120 (BLUE) 120 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 360 442 1800 ( distant disease-free survival predicted to be less than two) 1800 SB 240 542 510 (years \(54 cases\),) 510 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 240 642 90 (RED) 90 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 330 642 1860 ( distant disease-free survival predicted to be between two and) 1860 SB 240 742 690 (five years \(98 cases\), ) 690 SB 240 842 120 (and ) 120 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier-Oblique /font11 ANSIFont font 360 842 180 (YELLOW) 180 SB 32 0 0 50 53 0 0 0 43 /Courier /font0 ANSIFont font 540 842 1620 ( distant disease-free survival predicted to be greater) 1620 SB 240 942 810 (than five years \(35 cases\).) 810 SB 0 0 0 fC /fm 256 def 3 1264 157 1188 B 1 F n 1630 3 157 1188 B 1 F n 3 1264 1784 1188 B 1 F n 1630 3 157 2449 B 1 F n 0 0 128 fC gs 1620 1255 162 1192 CB 1619 1255 162 1191 B 1 F n gr 32 0 0 76 76 0 0 0 69 /Times-Bold /font29 ANSIFont font 255 255 0 fC gs 1620 1255 162 1192 CB 353 1379 186 (Best f) 185 SB 538 1379 107 (it n) 108 SB 646 1379 249 (uclear f) 247 SB 893 1379 281 (eature R) 282 SB 1175 1379 97 (SA) 97 SB gr 32 0 0 32 32 0 0 0 29 /Helvetica 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0 0 pC 430 1600 M 8 0 9 19 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 17 9 0 9 17 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 15 20 PP 9 0 8 0 9 25 8 0 9 0 8 22 9 22 9 21 8 0 9 22 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 20 8 0 9 0 9 20 8 0 9 0 20 PP 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 53 9 0 8 0 9 0 20 PP 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 50 9 45 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 46 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 20 PP 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 20 PP 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 11 PP S n 0 128 255 pC 430 1600 M 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 40 9 40 8 0 9 39 9 0 8 18 9 18 8 50 9 34 9 34 8 17 9 0 8 33 9 17 9 0 8 17 9 16 20 PP 9 0 8 0 9 26 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 21 9 0 20 PP 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 41 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 20 PP 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 20 PP 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 20 PP 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 9 PP S n gs 1620 1255 162 1192 CB 887 2231 21 (Y) 22 SB 909 2231 34 (ea) 35 SB 944 2231 27 (rs) 27 SB gr gs 1620 1255 162 1192 CB 350 1538 72 (Dista) 73 SB 423 1538 27 (nt) 26 SB 449 1538 26 ( d) 27 SB 476 1538 40 (ise) 41 SB 517 1538 50 (ase) 51 SB 568 1538 19 ( f) 18 SB 586 1538 11 (r) 10 SB 596 1538 17 (e) 18 SB 614 1538 17 (e) 18 SB gr 255 255 255 pC 0 1 SP gs 1 8 439 2167 CB 439 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 447 2167 CB 447 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 456 2167 CB 456 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 465 2167 CB 465 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 473 2167 CB 473 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 482 2167 CB 482 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 490 2167 CB 490 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 499 2167 CB 499 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 508 2167 CB 508 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 516 2167 CB 516 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 525 2167 CB 525 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 533 2167 CB 533 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 542 2167 CB 542 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 551 2167 CB 551 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 559 2167 CB 559 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 568 2167 CB 568 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 576 2167 CB 576 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 585 2167 CB 585 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 594 2167 CB 594 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 602 2167 CB 602 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 611 2167 CB 611 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 619 2167 CB 619 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 628 2167 CB 628 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 637 2167 CB 637 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 645 2167 CB 645 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 654 2167 CB 654 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 662 2167 CB 662 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 671 2167 CB 671 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 680 2167 CB 680 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 688 2167 CB 688 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 697 2167 CB 697 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 705 2167 CB 705 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 714 2167 CB 714 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 723 2167 CB 723 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 731 2167 CB 731 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 740 2167 CB 740 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 748 2167 CB 748 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 757 2167 CB 757 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 765 2167 CB 765 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 774 2167 CB 774 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 783 2167 CB 783 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 791 2167 CB 791 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 800 2167 CB 800 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 808 2167 CB 808 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 817 2167 CB 817 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 826 2167 CB 826 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 834 2167 CB 834 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 843 2167 CB 843 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 851 2167 CB 851 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 860 2167 CB 860 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 869 2167 CB 869 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 877 2167 CB 877 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 886 2167 CB 886 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 894 2167 CB 894 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 903 2167 CB 903 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 912 2167 CB 912 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 920 2167 CB 920 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 929 2167 CB 929 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 937 2167 CB 937 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 946 2167 CB 946 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 954 2167 CB 954 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 963 2167 CB 963 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 972 2167 CB 972 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 980 2167 CB 980 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 989 2167 CB 989 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 997 2167 CB 997 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1006 2167 CB 1006 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1015 2167 CB 1015 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1023 2167 CB 1023 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1032 2167 CB 1032 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1040 2167 CB 1040 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1049 2167 CB 1049 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1058 2167 CB 1058 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1066 2167 CB 1066 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1075 2167 CB 1075 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1083 2167 CB 1083 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1092 2167 CB 1092 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1101 2167 CB 1101 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1109 2167 CB 1109 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1118 2167 CB 1118 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1126 2167 CB 1126 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1135 2167 CB 1135 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1144 2167 CB 1144 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1152 2167 CB 1152 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1161 2167 CB 1161 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1169 2167 CB 1169 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1178 2167 CB 1178 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1187 2167 CB 1187 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1195 2167 CB 1195 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1204 2167 CB 1204 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1212 2167 CB 1212 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1221 2167 CB 1221 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1229 2167 CB 1229 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1238 2167 CB 1238 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1247 2167 CB 1247 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1255 2167 CB 1255 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1264 2167 CB 1264 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1272 2167 CB 1272 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1281 2167 CB 1281 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1290 2167 CB 1290 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1298 2167 CB 1298 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1307 2167 CB 1307 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1315 2167 CB 1315 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1324 2167 CB 1324 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1333 2167 CB 1333 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1341 2167 CB 1341 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1350 2167 CB 1350 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1358 2167 CB 1358 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1367 2167 CB 1367 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1376 2167 CB 1376 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1384 2167 CB 1384 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1393 2167 CB 1393 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1401 2167 CB 1401 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1410 2167 CB 1410 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1419 2167 CB 1419 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 8 1427 2167 CB 1427 2174 M 0 -7 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 430 2160 CB 430 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 473 2160 CB 473 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 516 2160 CB 516 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 559 2160 CB 559 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 602 2160 CB 602 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 645 2160 CB 645 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 688 2160 CB 688 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 731 2160 CB 731 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 774 2160 CB 774 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 817 2160 CB 817 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 860 2160 CB 860 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 903 2160 CB 903 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 946 2160 CB 946 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 989 2160 CB 989 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 1032 2160 CB 1032 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 1075 2160 CB 1075 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 1118 2160 CB 1118 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 1161 2160 CB 1161 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 1204 2160 CB 1204 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 1247 2160 CB 1247 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 1290 2160 CB 1290 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 1333 2160 CB 1333 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 1376 2160 CB 1376 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 1 15 1419 2160 CB 1419 2174 M 0 -14 1 PP S n gr gs 8 1 409 2127 CB 409 2127 M 7 0 1 PP S n gr gs 8 1 409 2031 CB 409 2031 M 7 0 1 PP S n gr gs 8 1 409 1935 CB 409 1935 M 7 0 1 PP S n gr gs 8 1 409 1839 CB 409 1839 M 7 0 1 PP S n gr gs 8 1 409 1744 CB 409 1744 M 7 0 1 PP S n gr gs 8 1 409 1648 CB 409 1648 M 7 0 1 PP S n gr gs 15 1 409 2174 CB 409 2174 M 14 0 1 PP S n gr gs 15 1 409 2079 CB 409 2079 M 14 0 1 PP S n gr gs 15 1 409 1983 CB 409 1983 M 14 0 1 PP S n gr gs 15 1 409 1887 CB 409 1887 M 14 0 1 PP S n gr gs 15 1 409 1792 CB 409 1792 M 14 0 1 PP S n gr gs 15 1 409 1696 CB 409 1696 M 14 0 1 PP S n gr gs 15 1 409 1600 CB 409 1600 M 14 0 1 PP S n gr 6 2 SP 1449 1600 M 0 -574 1040 0 0 574 -1040 0 4 PP S n 255 255 0 pC 0 4 SP 1494 1653 M 71 0 1 PP S n 225 0 0 pC 1494 1732 M 71 0 1 PP S n 0 128 255 pC 1494 1810 M 71 0 1 PP S n gs 1620 1255 162 1192 CB 1468 1600 37 (>5) 36 SB 1504 1600 24 ( y) 25 SB 1529 1600 17 (e) 18 SB 1547 1600 17 (a) 18 SB 1565 1600 11 (r) 10 SB 1575 1600 16 (s) 16 SB gr gs 1620 1255 162 1192 CB 1463 1679 53 (2 to) 54 SB 1517 1679 9 ( ) 8 SB 1525 1679 42 (5 y) 43 SB 1568 1679 11 (r) 10 SB 1578 1679 16 (s) 16 SB gr gs 1620 1255 162 1192 CB 1468 1757 37 (<2) 36 SB 1504 1757 24 ( y) 25 SB 1529 1757 17 (e) 18 SB 1547 1757 17 (a) 18 SB 1565 1757 11 (r) 10 SB 1575 1757 16 (s) 16 SB gr EJ RS %%PageTrailer %%Trailer SVDoc restore end % TrueType font name key: % MSTT31c282 = 2edfDCourier NewF001e0034000001900000 % MSTT31c28e = 2edfDCourier NewF0024003f000001900000 % MSTT31c29a = 2edfDCourier NewF0024003d000002bc0000 % MSTT31c2a6 = 2edfDCourier NewF001e0033000002bc0000 % MSTT31c2b2 = 2edfDCourier NewF001e0034000001900001 % MSTT31c2be = 2edfDCourier NewF0012001f000001900000 % MSTT31c2ca = 2edfDTimes New RomanF0000004c000002bc0000 % MSTT31c2d7 = 2edfDArialF00000020000001900000 %%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset Win35Dict 3 1 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Courier %%+ font Courier-Bold %%+ font Courier-Oblique %%+ font Helvetica %%+ font Times-Bold %%EOF